mute, dumb
→
child (young person)
5 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 2611 | mute, dumb | → | animal | Open |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Belarusan | |
| Lexeme 1 | не мовіць | |
| Lexeme 2 | немаўля | |
| Meaning 1 | do not speak | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | infant, baby | |
| Reference | Slounik.org | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Czech | |
| Lexeme 1 | nemluv | |
| Lexeme 2 | nemluvně | |
| Meaning 1 | don't speak! (prohibitive) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | infant | |
| Reference | SSJČ | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | infans | |
| Meaning 1 | mute | statua infans mute statue |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | child (of age) | infantes conditores urbis (= Romulus et Remus) children founders of Rome (Romulus and Remus) |
| Reference | Dvoreckij 1976: 519 Glare: 894 Lewis, Short: 942 | |
| Comment | Negative formative participle of the verb fāri ‛to speak'. Descendants are Old French enfés (direct), enfant (oblique), French enfant 'child', Franco-Provençal enfant, Italian fante, infante (bookish loan from Latin), Old Occitan enfas (direct), enfant (oblique), Occitan enfant, enfan, Old Portuguese ifante, infante, Galician infante, Portuguese infante, Old Spanish ifante, Spanish infante, Romansch unfant, uffant, affon, iffaunt, unfànt. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Polish | |
| Lexeme 1 | nie mówić | |
| Lexeme 2 | niemowlę | |
| Meaning 1 | do not speak | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | infant, baby | karmić, kąpać niemowlę to feed, to bathe the baby |
| Reference | WSJP | |
| Comment | Also niemowlak, niemowlątko | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Ukrainian | |
| Lexeme 1 | не мовити | |
| Lexeme 2 | немовля | |
| Meaning 1 | do not speak | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | a child who does not yet know how to speak; baby, breast child | Від'їжджаючи, він покинув їх [дітей] майже немовлятами (Іван Франко); Пригорнувши до себе двомісячне немовля, раптом заквапилася [Горпина] (Зінаїда Тулуб); Якась дівчина провезла повз них немовля в колясці. І звичайно, в ротику немовляти соска (Микола Руденко); Я відчув, що я безпомічний, як немовля (Юрій Яновський) Leaving, he left them [the children] almost as babies (Ivan Franko); Holding a two-month-old baby close to her, [Horpina] was suddenly in a hurry;(Zinaida Tulub); A girl drove a baby in a stroller past them. And of course, a nipple in the baby's mouth (Mykola Rudenko); I felt that I was as helpless as a baby (Yuriy Yanovsky) |
| Reference | SUM-11: 5, 338 | |
| Comment | ||
The original meaning is 'who does not speak, who has no speech', because he does not yet know or because he does not have the right to speak. Also Proto-Slavic *otъrokъ ‘child, servant’ (Old Church Slavonic отрокъ ‘child, son, boy, servant’, Old East Slavic отрокъ 'servant', Russian отрок ‘boy, lad, adolescent’, Czech otrok ‘serf’, Slovak otrok ‘serf’; Old Polish otrok ‘hired labourer, adolescent, lad’, Upper Sorbian wotročk 'serf, servant' Croatian (Chakavian) otrok ‘child, boy’; Slovenian otròk ‘child, boy’, Bulgarian otrók ‘serf, (obs.) child’ from prefix *ot- and an *rokъ from *rekti ‘speak’ (Derksen 2008, 382, Фасмер 3,172-173, Snoj 2016, ESSJa 38, 126-131, Machek 423; Miklosich 228; Rudnyčkyj 2, 887; БЕР IV, 974; Черных 1,611, ESUM 4, 235). Antoine Meillet assumed that the Proto-Slavic *otъrokъ is a semantic loan of the Latin infans. The Ancient Greek νήπῐος 'child, infant' has presumably the negative prefix νη-, but the stem is unclear. Strong's Greek Lexicon (1890) suggests νη- + ἔπος 'speech'. But a 2010 review by Beekes favors instead a derivation from ἤπιος 'gentle, kind (of persons, of words, of feelings)', as suggested by Lacroix in 1937, with a possible PIE root *h2ep meaning 'join' (Beeks 2010).