China
→
porcelain
6 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language 1 | Classical Armenian | |
| language 2 | Armenian | |
| lexeme 1 | Čenkʿ (Ճենք) | |
| lexeme 2 | čenapaki (ճենապակի) | |
| meaning 1 | China | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | porcelain | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme 1 | China | |
| lexeme 2 | china | |
| meaning 1 | China | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | porcelain | He set the table with china, cloth napkins, and crystal stemware. |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme | čini (چینی) | |
| meaning 1 | Chinese | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | porcelain | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Modern Written Arabic | |
| lexeme | ṣīniyya (صِينِيَّة) | |
| meaning 1 | Chinese | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | porcelain | |
| reference | Wehr | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Scots | |
| lexeme 1 | Cheenae | |
| lexeme 2 | cheenae | |
| meaning 1 | China | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | porcelain | A snaw-white cloutie spreadit squarely Ootower the cheenae plate. |
| reference | DSL | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Spanish | |
| lexeme 1 | Chino | |
| lexeme 2 | chino | |
| meaning 1 | China | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | porcelain | |
| reference | DRAE | |
| comment | ||
Porcelain was invented in China over a centuries-long development period beginning with "proto-porcelain" wares dating from the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 B.C.E). By the time of the Eastern Han dynasty (CE 25–220) these early glazed ceramic wares had developed into porcelain, which Chinese defined as high-fired ware. By the late Sui dynasty (581–618 CE) and early Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), the now-standard requirements of whiteness and translucency had been achieved. Porcelain is referred to as Chinese, as it was first seen in imports from China.