paper
↔
letter (text)
25 realizations
Global
Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 4292 | leaf | → | letter (text) | Open |
-
Comment
| NEW Realization 1 (ID: 46218) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Abkhaz | |
| lexeme | ақьаад | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Genko 1998: 129 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 (ID: 19788) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Albanian | |
| lexeme | letër | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | from Italian lettera, ultimately from Latin littera | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 (ID: 13846) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Archi | |
| lexeme | kaʁəra | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | From Farsi. In Kibrik et al. (eds.) 1977 only 'paper' | |
| NEW Realization 5 (ID: 20226) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Batsbi | |
| lexeme | kaɣald | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Bertlani (ed.) 2013: 367 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 6 (ID: 19787) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Classical Armenian | |
| lexeme | tʿułtʿ (թուղթ) | |
| meaning 1 | paper | tʿułtʿ uruagrutʿean (թուղթ ուրուագրութեան) drawing-paper |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | tʿułtʿ aṙakʿel (թուղթ առաքել) to send a letter |
| reference | Ačaṙean | |
| comment | According to Ačaṙyan, derived by metathesis from earlier *թութղ (*tʿutʿł), from Latin titulus 'inscription, title, label'. Thus, the sense of 'letter, epistle' is the original one; the meaning 'paper' developed later. In Modern Armenian tʿułtʿ (թուղթ) 'paper', '(rare) letter, epistle'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 (ID: 13845) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme | كاغذ kāġaz | |
| meaning 1 | paper | كاغذ خطدار kāġaz-e xatdār ruled paper |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | كاغذ فرستادن kāġaz ferestādan To send a letter |
| reference | Rubinčik 1970: 297 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 9 (ID: 48254) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Complex derivation | |
| language | Guarani | |
| lexeme 1 | kuatia + ñe'ẽ | |
| lexeme 2 | kuatiañe'ẽ | |
| meaning 1 | paper + speech | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Canese, Alcaraz 2016: 50, column 1 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 (ID: 13847) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Gurindji | |
| lexeme | mirlimirli | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book'. From Jaru mirlimirli 'paper', Tharrgari mirli 'paperbark tree' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 (ID: 13854) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hani | |
| lexeme | so³¹ɣa³¹ | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Sūn 1991 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 (ID: 13848) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hup | |
| lexeme | cug’æ̌t | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book'. historically the same as 'leaf'. Possibly from j’ug-g’æt 'forest-leaf' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 (ID: 13855) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Jinuo (Jino) | |
| lexeme | a³³pjo³³ | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Sūn 1991 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 (ID: 13849) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kali'na (Carib) | |
| lexeme | kaleta | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'birth certificate', 'postcard', 'newspaper', 'government document'. From Spanish carta 'letter' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 (ID: 13850) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Malagasy | |
| lexeme | taratàsy | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 From Arabian qartās 'paper' | |
| NEW Realization 18 (ID: 47961) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Nheengatu | |
| lexeme | papera | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Avila 2021: 578–579 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 19 (ID: 47965) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old Tupian | |
| lexeme | papera | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Navarro 2013: XXXVI, column 1 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 (ID: 13851) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Q'eqchi' | |
| lexeme | hu | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book' | |
| NEW Realization 21 (ID: 18858) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Selkup | |
| lexeme | на́гыр ~ на́гэр | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Consolidated Selkup | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 22 (ID: 34126) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Somali | |
| lexeme | warqad(-da) | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Alejnikov 2012: 335 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 (ID: 13853) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tzotzil | |
| lexeme | vun | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'document', from the Proto-Mayan word for 'a type of bark (amate)' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 (ID: 13852) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | White Hmong (Hmong Daw) | |
| lexeme | ntawv | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'postcard'; ‘book’ requires stack classifier phau, ‘letter’ and ‘postcard’ require message classifier tsab | |
| NEW Realization 25 (ID: 41450) | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yuwaalaraay | |
| lexeme | biiba | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Ash et al. 2003: 37 | |
| comment | ||