Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Central Ahtena | |
| lexeme | na=ʔaː-y | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Kari 1990: 73, 603 Kari & Buck 1975: 87 Smelcer 2010: 126 | |
| comment | GLD. The word na=ʔaː-y is glossed with the polysemy 'sun / moon / month' in [Kari 1990: 73], but only as 'sun' in [Kari & Buck 1975: 87; Smelcer 2010: 126]. Apparently the meaning 'moon; month' is marginal for na=ʔaː-y. The na=ʔaː-y is a new Tanaina-influenced formation, literally 'a compact object that moves across'': the classificatory verb =ʔaː 'to handle a compact object' [Kari 1990: 70], the relative nominalizer -y(i) and the directional prefix na= 'across' [Kari 1990: 290]. Also ceːn na=ʔaː-y-eʔ 'sun', lit. 'day's naʔaːy', can be used. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Central Carrier | |
| lexeme | sa | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Poser 2011: 206 GLD Poser 1998: 420, 939 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Cherokee | |
| lexeme | nvda | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Cherokeedictionary.net | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Chimariko | |
| lexeme | ˈasːa | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Berman 2001: 1069 GLD | |
| comment | ˈasi-n-alːa 'sun' [Berman 2001: 1064], (Kroeber) asi-n-alla 'sun' [Dixon 1910: 369, 371], literally 'day luminary'. ˈala ~ alla alone is also attested with the meaning 'sun', but, as Sapir notes, "used more for 'moon'" [Berman 2001: 1064]. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Chimariko | |
| lexeme | ˈala ~ alla | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Berman 2001: 1064 GLD | |
| comment | Used more for 'moon'. In [Dixon 1910: 369] alla is glossed as 'sun', cf. also asi-n-alla 'sun, day-sun', himi-n-alla 'moon, night-sun' [Dixon 1910: 312] |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Daw | |
| lexeme | xɔ=tɯbn | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Martins 2005: 289 GLD | |
| comment | Glossed as 'canoe-eye'. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Degexit'an | |
| lexeme | noː=ʔoː-y | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Kari 1978: 45 Taff et al. 2007 Chapman 1914: 213 | |
| comment | GLD. Literally 'compact object that repetitively moves' with the generic classificatory verb =ʔoː-y̥ [imperf.] / =ʔoː-n̥ [perf.] 'to handle compact object'. The meaning 'moon' is only in [Kari 1978: 45], but this is not confirmed by other sources. The original polysemy 'sun / moon / month' for noː=ʔoː-y is possibly revealed by noːʔoː ~ noːʔ 'month' [Taff et al. 2007; Kari 1978: 49], if these forms represent contraction of noː=ʔoː-y. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Dogrib | |
| lexeme | sá | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Saxon & Siemens 1996: 88, 217 Siemens et al. 2007: 59 GLD | |
| comment | Three sá-based terms for 'sun' are quoted in [Saxon & Siemens 1996], out of which the simple sá 'sun / moon / month' and the compound sá-tèː 'sun' are quoted in [Siemens et al. 2007], so sá and sá-tèː should be the default expressions for 'sun' in Dogrib. sá-tèː literally means 'great sá' with -tèː 'great, big, important, good' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 14]. The third term is cẽ́-kó-sàː 'sun' [Saxon & Siemens 1996: 22], literally 'sá of the day (cẽ́)' with the unclear element kó. It must be noted that this compound is recent, since the intervocalic -s- has not voiced into -z-. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hup | |
| lexeme | βäɾɔ̂ | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Martins 2005: 289 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hupa | |
| lexeme | ʍaː | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Sapir & Golla 2001: 796 Golla 1996: 92 Hoijer 1956: 233 | |
| comment | GLD. čiŋkʰʸoːwit-ʍa, literally 'daytime' + 'sun / moon', čiŋkʰʸoːwit-qaːl, literally 'daylight' + 'comes along', teːti-qaːl, literally 'here' + 'it comes along' [Golla 1996: 92] (these forms are not yet attested in [Sapir & Golla 2001]); xiƛʼeʔ=ʍaː, literally 'night' q.v. + 'sun / moon' (quoted in [Golla 1996: 63], not yet noted in [Sapir & Golla 2001]) |
|
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Itelmen | |
| lexeme 1 | лач | |
| lexeme 2 | лач кԓфиӈлэʔин | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | PIRS: 144-145 | |
| comment | 'night sun' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Karok | |
| lexeme | kúːsɾah | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Bright & Gehr 2005: 157 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kato | |
| lexeme | ša | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Goddard 1912: 20 Curtis 1924: 205 GLD | |
| comment | this is currently not the default term for 'moon'. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Konkow (Northwest Maidu) | |
| lexeme | pˈokʼ-o | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Ultan 1967: 37 GLD | |
| comment | Specialized expression for 'sun' is ʔˈekim=pˌokʼo, literally 'day luminary' (ʔˈek-i 'day') [Ultan 1961: 7] |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Koyukon | |
| lexeme | noː=ʔoː-y | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Jetté & Jones 2000: 53 Jones 1978: 165 GLD | |
| comment | Lower dialect, literally 'compact object that repetitively moves' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Lake Miwok | |
| lexeme 1 | híi | |
| lexeme 2 | káwul híi | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon ('night sun') | |
| reference | Urban 2009: 329 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lakota | |
| lexeme | wí | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Urban 2009: 328-329 | |
| comment | ãpa-wí ‘sun’ (ãpa ‘day’) and ha̧hépi-wí ‘moon’ (ha̧hépi ‘night’) |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lower Tanana | |
| lexeme | ʂo | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Kari 1994: 354, 489 Tuttle 2009: 199 GLD | |
| comment | In Chena dialect polysemy: 'sun / moon', in Minto dialect only 'sun' with the collocation tʰǝtθ=ʐo-ʔ 'moon' literally 'night sun'. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Maidu | |
| lexeme | pˌokʼ-ˈo | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Shipley 1963: 162, 237 GLD | |
| comment | Specialized expressions for 'sun' are ʔˌek-ˈim pˌokʼ-ˈo 'day luminary' and ʔˈek-ɗa-m pˌokʼ-ˈo 'dawn luminary' |
|
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mairasi | |
| lexeme | tende | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Peckham: 416, 470 | |
| comment | Moon usually uusir |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mattole–Bear River | |
| lexeme | xaː | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Li 1930: 126, 148 sub No. 75 GLD | |
| comment | The more specific collocations čiŋ-xˈa-ʔ 'sun' (the first element čiŋ means 'day' [Li 1930: 131]) and kaːniŋ-xˈa-ʔ 'moon' (the first element means 'evening') are also used. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | North Slavey | |
| lexeme | sà | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Hoijer 1956: 222 GLD | |
| comment | Hare dialect. In Rice 1978: 88 only 'sun' and 'month' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Quileute | |
| lexeme | pit̓ítst̓shoý | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Urban 2009: 328 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Seneca | |
| lexeme | k=ˈäːhkwaː-ʔ | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | GLD Chafe 1967: 47 Chafe 1996: 579 | |
| comment | For sun - (ʔɛ̃teːkhaːʔ) kˈäːhkwaːʔ (cf. ʔɛ̃ːteh 'daytime'). |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Shasta | |
| lexeme | čʼúːwar | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Silver 1961: 7 GLD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sougb (Manikion) | |
| lexeme | igda | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Urban 2009: 238-239 | |
| comment | with the optional addition of lona ‘day’ or loba ‘night’ |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Southeastern Pomo | |
| lexeme | da | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Oswalt 1964: 426-427 GLD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Wappo | |
| lexeme | hín | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | Urban 2009: 239 | |
| comment | For ‘moon’, ʔùčuaʔ-meʔ hín (ʔùčuaʔ ‘night’ and -meʔ ‘belonging to’) is also used, but there is no analogous complex term for ‘sun’. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Washo | |
| lexeme | dˈiːbe | |
| meaning 1 | sun | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | moon | |
| reference | GLD Jacobsen 1964: 573 Jacobsen 1958a: 7 | |
| comment | Moon also dí:be p'íʔiš 'moon-sun + to crawl' (The Washo Project) |
|
Urban M. “Sun” and “Moon” in the Circum-Pacific Language Area. Anthropological Linguistics, 2009, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 328–346.
Sapir, Edward 1912 Language and Environment. American Anthropologist 14, p. 230.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1967 Le sexe des astres. In To Honor Roman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, 11 October 1966. Vol. 2, 1163—70. The Hague: Mouton.