below, down, bottom part
→
North
12 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Estonian | |
| Lexeme | põhi | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | North | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Finnish | |
| Lexeme | pohja | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (archaic, poetic) north, northern, Arctic | Pohjantähti, pohjan poika North Star, a son of the north |
| Reference | Vahros, Ščerbakov 2007 | |
| Comment | In modern Finnish pohjoinen 'north'. Adapted from the Savonian dialects and introduced into the standard language by Abraham Poppius (1793 – 1866), one of the earliest lyricists who wrote in Finnish and an early collector of folk poetry. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ingrian | |
| Lexeme | pohja | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | North | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Also pohjain 'north'. Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 418 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Irish Gaelic | |
| Lexeme | thios | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | thios fa talamh below ground |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | North | thios i mBaile Atha Cliath up (to the North) to Dublin (from point of view of Cork) |
| Reference | Dinneen 1904: 1214 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Karelian | |
| Lexeme 1 | pohja | |
| Lexeme 2 | pohjoni | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | North | |
| Reference | Zajkov, Rugoeva 1999: 140 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Livvi-Karelian | |
| Lexeme 1 | pohju | |
| Lexeme 2 | pohjupiä | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | north part (for example, of a lake) | |
| Reference | Makarov 1990: 276 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Maori | |
| Lexeme | raro | |
| Meaning 1 | (location) the bottom, the underside, under | He aha kei raro i te pouaka? What's under the box? |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (location) the north | I tae rātou ki Te Kauwhata i raro atu o Kirikiriroa. They arrived at Te Kauwhata to the north of Hamilton. |
| Reference | MD | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Tver Karelian | |
| Lexeme 1 | pohja | |
| Lexeme 2 | pohjaranda | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | north side | |
| Reference | Punžina 1994: 215 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Veps | |
| Lexeme | pohǵ | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | North | |
| Reference | Zajceva, Mullonen 1972: 425-426 | |
| Comment | Also pohjaińe 'north' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Võro | |
| Lexeme | põhi | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | North | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Also põh'a 'base, foundation; floor; bottom' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Votic | |
| Lexeme | põhjõ | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | North | |
| Reference | VKS | |
| Comment | |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Yahgan (Yagán, Yámana) | |
| Lexeme | uša | |
| Meaning 1 | bottom | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | North | |
| Reference | IDS | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
CLICS-3 690-1598
In Finnic languages the meaning 'north' is due to the practice of building dwellings facing south (as that was the direction the sun would shine from at noon in Northern Europe), and thus the far end of a building furthest from the entrance would be situated towards the north.