mirror
→
mirror armour
9 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Classical Persian | |
| lexeme | âyina (آیینه) | |
| meaning 1 | mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | metal protective plates that warriors placed on the chest, back and thighs | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Dihkhudā ‘Alī Akbar, Lughat-nāma https://vajehyab.com/dehkhoda/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-3?q=%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87 Khaqani (c. 1120 - 1199), Ferdowsi (940 - 1019/1025) |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme 1 | âyine (آیینه) | |
| lexeme 2 | čâr-âyine (چهاﺮآﻳنه) | |
| meaning 1 | mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | mirror armour | |
| reference | Steingass 1892: 403 | |
| comment | 'four mirrors' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Kazakh | |
| lexeme 1 | айна | |
| lexeme 2 | шар-айна | |
| meaning 1 | mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | mirror armour | |
| reference | Syzdykova, Xusain (eds.) 2008: 907 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Manchu | |
| lexeme | buleku | |
| meaning 1 | mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | mirror armour | |
| reference | Zaxarov 1875: 534 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| lexeme 1 | jìng (鏡 / 镜) | |
| lexeme 2 | hùxīnjìng (護心鏡 / 护心镜) | |
| meaning 1 | mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (archaic) a special protective plate which was sewn on the front and back parts of a war garment (for protection against arrows) | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | 'protect' + 'heart' + 'mirror' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mongolian (Khalkha) | |
| lexeme | толь | |
| meaning 1 | mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | mirror armour | |
| reference | BAMRS 2001-2002 | |
| comment | also Dagur толь 'copper mirrow on shaman's cloth' (Тумурдэй, Цыбенов 2014, 157) |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old East Slavic | |
| lexeme | зерцало | |
| meaning 1 | mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | mirror armour | |
| reference | SRJa XI-XVII: 5, 385 | |
| comment | 'mirror armour' first time in 1490 in diplomatic correspondence between Ivan III and Casimir IV Jagiellon (Шиндлер 2014, 455) |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Southern Altai | |
| lexeme 1 | кöрнöö | |
| lexeme 2 | кöрнöö jенсел | |
| meaning 1 | mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | mirror armour | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Соенов В. И. Обзор вооружения и военной тактики кочевников Алтая в XIII-XVIII вв. по материалам героического эпоса // Археологические и фольклорные источники по истории Горного Алтая. Горно-Алтайск, 1994. С. 178 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ukrainian | |
| lexeme | зєрцала | |
| meaning 1 | (obsolete) mirror | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | mirror armour | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment |
In modern Ukrainian дзеркала 'mirror', зерцала 'mirror armour'. зєрцала, звєрцадла, зверцадло on second half of the XVI cent. Славутич Є.В. Військовий костюм в Українській козацькій державі: Уніформологічний словник / Інститут історії України НАН України. — К., 2012. C. 64-64.Словник української мови XVI — першої половини XVII ст.. / Ред. Д.Гринчишин (відп. ред.), У.Єдлінська, Л.Полюга та ін. Випуск 11. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. Крипякевича НАНУ, 2004. С. 105 |
|
Mirror armour is a type of cuirass used mainly in Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe; including India, Persia, Tibet, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. This type of partial plate armour which was developed initially from round metal mirrors (a kind of rondel) worn over other armour (usually over mail) as reinforcement. It consisted of four large plates to protect the soldier's body, which were rubbed to a shine (hence the name of the mirror). The chest and back plates had a rounded, rectangular or octagonal shape; side plates - curved along the body, with a cutout for the armpits.
Metal mirrors in this armour were considered as protection from not only cold steel and arrows, but also supernatural influence. It was believed that mirrors could reflect the evil eye, so they were polished and worn over other armour. According to Bobrov, round metal mirrors worn by Mongolian warriors as armour reinforcement are shown in Persian miniatures of 13c. This is verified by archaeological finds in Central Asia and the Far East. This kind of armour prevailed in Central Asia during 15–17c, and could be worn over any armour including brigandines, lamellar armour, chainmail and even plated mail. In 16c in Persia, mirror plates became much larger and changed their shape to rectangular in order to improve body protection.
George Cameron Stone, Donald J. LaRocca: A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times. Verlag Courier Dover Publications, 1999, P. 175.
Hamburgisches Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburgisches Museum für Völkerkunde und Vorgeschichte: Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg. Kommissionsverlag von Lucas Gräfe & Sillem, 1984, S. 195–196.
H. Russell Robinson: Oriental Armor, Courier Dover Publications, 1967, P. 39, 109
ф.-Винклер П. Доспех // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907. — Т. XI (1893): Домиции — Евреинова. — С. 66–70.
Бобров Л. А., Худяков Ю. С. Вооружение и тактика кочевников Центральной Азии и Южной Сибири в эпоху позднего Средневековья и раннего Нового времени (XV – первая половина XVIII в.). — СПб., 2008.
Бобров Л. А., Худяков Ю. С. Защитное вооружение среднеазиатского воина эпохи позднего средневековья // Военное дело номадов Северной и Центральной Азии: Сборник научных статей. — Новосибирск, 2002. — С. 106–168.
Шиндлер О.В. Классификация русских корпусных доспехов XVI века // История военного дела: исследования и источники. — 2014. — Т. V. — С. 417-486. <http://www.milhist.info/2014/08/18/schindler>
Гордеев Н. В. Русский оборонительный доспех // Сборник научных трудов по материалам Государственной Оружейной палаты. — М., 1954. — С. 105