to stand
→
to be, exist
7 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Imonda | |
| lexeme 1 | lõh | |
| lexeme 2 | -lõh | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | copula | |
| reference | Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 409 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Khwe | |
| lexeme 1 | tìín | |
| lexeme 2 | tέ | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to be, exist | |
| reference | Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 409 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Latin | |
| language 2 | Spanish | |
| lexeme 1 | stare | |
| lexeme 2 | estar | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to be (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion); to be (have a temporary or permanent location in space) | |
| reference | Corominas, Pascual: II, 776-778 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Latin | |
| language 2 | French | |
| lexeme 1 | stare | |
| lexeme 2 | être | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to be, exist | |
| reference | Robert historique | |
| comment | From Middle French and Old French estre and ester, respectively from Early Medieval Latin essere (< esse 'be') and Latin stāre 'stand'. Conjugations reflect both but more so the former. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Latin | |
| language 2 | Aragones | |
| lexeme 1 | stare | |
| lexeme 2 | estar | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to be, exist | |
| reference | Diccionario ortografico de l'aragonés | |
| comment | Contrary to other Iberian languages, Aragonese only makes use of one verb "to be" |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Latin | |
| language 2 | Catalan | |
| lexeme 1 | stare | |
| lexeme 2 | estar | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to be; to currently be in a state or have a characteristic (Used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes a temporary state of being); to be located (to be in a place) | |
| reference | DIEC2 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Latin | |
| language 2 | Galician | |
| lexeme 1 | stare | |
| lexeme 2 | estar | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to be (denotes a transient quality; a quality expected to change) | |
| reference | DRAG | |
| comment | ||
Heine B., Kuteva T. et al. World lexicon of grammaticalization. Second, extensively revised and updated edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. P. 409.