Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Danish | |
| lexeme 1 | stå + for- | |
| lexeme 2 | forstå | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to understand | |
| reference | DDO | |
| comment | for- from From Proto-Indo-European *pro- 'before, in front of' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Dutch | |
| lexeme 1 | staan + ver- | |
| lexeme 2 | verstaan | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to understand (language, words), to hear clearly; (chiefly Belgium) to understand (an idea, meaning), to comprehend | |
| reference | HWNF | |
| comment | From Middle Dutch verstaen, from Old Dutch farstān, from Proto-Germanic *fura + *stāną, compare Proto-West Germanic *frastandan 'to oppose; to understand' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | forstand | |
| meaning 1 | to stand against; stand in front of so as to bar the way | "As he would more of them had not wise God, Wierd forstood him, and the man's courage." (1849, John Mitchell Kemble, The Saxons in England) |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (UK dialectal) to understand, comprehend | How can I forstand your Professors, when they dinna forstand themselves. (1878, Samuel Smiles, Robert Dick: baker, of Thurso, geologist and botanist) |
| reference | OED | |
| comment | Wright, The English dialect dictionary From Middle English forstanden, from Old English forstandan 'to defend, help, protect, withstand, prevent, hinder, resist, oppose, benefit, avail, understand, signify, be equal to', from Proto-West Germanic *frastandan 'to understand, to oppose', |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme 1 | stehen + ver- | |
| lexeme 2 | verstehen | |
| meaning 1 | to stand + inseparable verbal prefix | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to understand | |
| reference | DWDS | |
| comment | From Middle High German verstān, virstēn, vorstēn, ferstān, from Old High German firstān, firstēn, from Proto-Germanic *frastāną. Cognate with Bavarian versteh, Dutch verstaan, Middle Low German vorstān. Compare also English forstand. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Norwegian | |
| lexeme 1 | stå + for- | |
| lexeme 2 | forstå | |
| meaning 1 | to stand + verbal prefix | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to understand | |
| reference | BO | |
| comment | https://ordbokene.no/nn/search?q=forst%C3%A5 Bokmål and Nynorsk From Old Norse forstanda, borrowed from Middle Low German forstanda, from Old Saxon farstandan |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Old English | |
| lexeme 1 | standan + under- | |
| lexeme 2 | understandan | |
| meaning 1 | to stand | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to understand | |
| reference | Bosworth, Toller OED | |
| comment | From Proto-West Germanic *understandan, from Proto-Germanic *understandaną 'to stand between, stand in the midst, understand', from *under 'between, among', *standaną 'to stand'. Akin to Old Frisian understanda, understonda, Saterland Frisian unnerstounde, Old High German untarstantan, Old Norse undirstanda, Middle Danish understande. Proto-Germanic *under 'among, between', and 'under, beneath' from a merger of two originally distinct prepositions as a result of Verner's law: Pre-Germanic *untér and *undʰér, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥tér 'inside', from which also Latin inter; and *h₁n̥dʰér 'under', whence Latin īnfrā, Sanskrit adhá 'below', Ossetian дӕлӕ 'below' (Kroonen 2013, 559) |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Saterland Frisian | |
| lexeme 1 | stounde + fer- | |
| lexeme 2 | ferstounde | |
| meaning 1 | to stand + verbal prefix | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to understand | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Marron C. Fort (2015) Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske http://www.xn--saterfriesisches-wrterbuch-tvc.de/?suche=ferstounde |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Swedish | |
| lexeme 1 | stå + för- | |
| lexeme 2 | förstå | |
| meaning 1 | to stand + verbal prefix | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to understand | |
| reference | SAO | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | West Frisian | |
| lexeme 1 | stean + fer- | |
| lexeme 2 | ferstean | |
| meaning 1 | to stand + verbal prefix | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to understand | |
| reference | WFT | |
| comment | ||
Compare Ancient Greek ἐπίσταμαι 'to know, to know how to do' from ἐπι- 'above' + ἵστημι 'to stand'
Classical Armenian haskanam (հասկանամ) 'to understand' from has (հաս) 'arrival, coming'