fox (Vulpes vulpes) jackal 6 realizations
ACCEPTED Realization 1
type Cognates
language 1 Abaza
language 2 Ubykh
lexeme 1 бага
lexeme 2 б'агьашә
meaning 1 fox (Vulpes vulpes)
direction
meaning 2 jackal
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Abkhaz: а́бга (ábga) 'wolf', Adyghe баджэ (badžɛ) 'fox' (borrowed to Ubykh baǯ́á 'fox'), Kabardian бажэ (bažɛ) 'fox'

Nikolaev, Sergei L., Starostin, Sergei A. (1994) “*bHV̆rgĂ”, in A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary‎, Moscow: Asterisk Publishers
Chirikba, Viacheslav A. (1996) Common West Caucasian: The Reconstruction of its Phonological System and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology, Leiden: Research School CNWS, page 361: “*bagá”
Dybo, V. A., Nikolaev, Sergei L., Starostin, S. A. (2007) “A tonological hypothesis of the origin of paradigmatic accent systems”, in Starostin, G. S., editor, Trudy po jazykoznaniju [Proceedings in Linguistics]‎ (in Russian), Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskix kulʹtur, page 31

ACCEPTED Realization 2
type Syncretism
language Ancient Hebrew
lexeme šūˁāl
meaning 1 fox (Vulpes vulpes)

ˁal har-ṣiyyōn šä-šāmēm šūˁālīm hilləḵū bō (Lam. 5:18)


Because of the mountain of Zion, which is desolate, the foxes walk upon it.


direction
meaning 2 jackal

wa-yyēläḵ šimšōn wa-yyilḵōḏ šəlōš mēˀōt šūˁālīm (Jud. 15:4)



And Samson went and caught three hundred foxes.

reference HALOT: 1445 Gesenius, 1859: root 7776
comment

Biblical contexts are ambiguous. Meanwhile, jackals are apparently the animals which are intended. For example, in Jud. 15:4 because foxes are not easily caught alive, and in Psa. 63:11 since foxes do not devour dead bodies, but jackals do.

ACCEPTED Realization 3
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Byzantine Greek
language 2 Pontic Greek
lexeme 1 ἀλώπηξ
lexeme 2 θώπεκας
meaning 1 fox (Vulpes vulpes)
direction
meaning 2 jackal
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Inherited from an unattested Byzantine Greek blend of θώς 'jackal' +‎ ἀλώπηξ 'fox'. Classical Armenian tʻepek (թեպեկ), tʻobēk (թոբէկ) 'jackal' is borrowed from the same source.

    Ioannídis, Sávvas (1870) Ιστορία και στατιστική Τραπεζούντος και της περί ταύτην χώρας ως και τα περί της ενταύθα ελληνικής γλώσσης, Constantinople: Τυπογρ. Ι. Α. Βρετού, page ιεʹ
    Παπαδόπουλος, Άνθιμος (1946) “Γλωσσικαί έρευναι”, in Αρχείον Πόντου, volume 12, Athens, pages 16–17
    Papadópoulos, Ánthimos (1958–1961) “θώπεκας”, in Ιστορικόν λεξικόν της ποντικής διαλέκτου [An historical dictionary of the Pontic dialect] (Παράρτημα περιοδικού «Αρχείον Πόντου»; 3), Athens: Myrtidis, page 361b
    Παρχαρίδης, Ιωάννης (1883–1884) “Συλλογή ζώντων μνημείων της αρχαίας ελληνικής γλώσσης εν Όφει [Collection of living documents of the Ancient Greek language in Ophis]”, in Ο εν Κωνσταντινουπόλει Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος: Σύγγραμμα περιοδικόν, volume 18, page 136b of 118–178
    Asan, Ömer (2000) Pontos Kültürü, 2nd edition, Istanbul: Belge Yayınları, page 353a
    Meyer, Gustav (1895) Neugriechische Studien. IV (Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-Historische Classe; 132), Vienna, page 10, footnote 1
    Oeconomides, D. E. (1908) Lautlehre des Pontischen, Leipzig: A. Deichert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Nachf., pages 20, 123
    Tursun, Vahit (2021) Romeika – Türkçe Sözlük : Trabzon Rumcası, 2nd edition, Istanbul: Heyamola Yayınları, page 274b

ACCEPTED Realization 4
type Borrowing
language 1 Khmer
language 2 Sanskrit
lexeme 1 sekiəl (សិគាល)
lexeme 2 sṛgālá (सृगाल)
meaning 1 fox (Vulpes vulpes)
direction
meaning 2 jackal
reference SEAlang Khmer
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 5
type Derivation
language Mandarin Chinese
lexeme 1 hú (狐)
lexeme 2 húláng (狐狼)
meaning 1 fox (Vulpes vulpes)
direction
meaning 2 jackal
reference English Wiktionary
comment

láng (狼) 'wolf'

ACCEPTED Realization 6
type Borrowing
language 1 Thai
language 2 Sanskrit
lexeme 1 sì-kaan (ศิคาล)
lexeme 2 sṛgālá (सृगाल)
meaning 1 fox (Vulpes vulpes)
direction
meaning 2 jackal
reference SEAlang Thai
comment