sky
→
iron
2 realizations
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Egyptian | |
| lexeme 1 | pt | |
| lexeme 2 | meteoric iron | |
| meaning 1 | sky | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (meteoric) iron | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | bjꜣ 'metal' + n(j) 'of' + pt 'sky', thus ‘metal of the sky’
Demotic bnpy, Coptic banipe, benipi, benipe 'iron' Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, page 126 https://archive.org/details/HOCH1997MiddleEgyptianGrammarOCR/page/n140 |
|
Before the advent of iron smelting, meteoric iron was the only source of iron metal. Meteoric iron was already used before the beginning of the Iron Age to make cultural objects, tools and weapons.
Waldbaum, J. C. and James D. Muhly; The first archaeological appearance of iron and the transition to the iron age chapter in The coming of the age of iron, Theodore A. Wertme. ed., Yale University Press, 1980.
Jambon, Albert (2017). "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy". Journal of Archaeological Science. 88: 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008. https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01614724/file/Jambon_Bronze_Age_iron.pdf
Rehren, Thilo; Belgya, Tamás; Jambon, Albert; Káli, György; Kasztovszky, Zsolt; Kis, Zoltán; Kovács, Imre; Maróti, Boglárka; Martinón-Torres, Marcos; Miniaci, Gianluca; Pigott, Vincent C.; Radivojević, Miljana; Rosta, László; Szentmiklósi, László; Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Zoltán (2013). "5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (12): 4785–4792. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002 http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1430496/1/Rehren_et_al_2013_Petrie_iron_beads_JAS_40.pdf
Bjorkman, Judith Kingston (1973). "Meteors and Meteorites in the ancient Near East". Meteoritics. 8 (2): 91–132. Bibcode:1973Metic...8...91B. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1973.tb00146.x.
Daniela Comelli; Massimo D'orazio; Luigi Folco; Mahmud El-Halwagy; Tommaso Frizzi; Roberto Alberti; Valentina Capogrosso; Abdelrazek Elnaggar; Hala Hassan; Austin Nevin; Franco Porcelli; Mohamed G. Rashed; Gianluca Valentini (2016). "The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 51 (7): 1301–1309. Bibcode:2016M&PS...51.1301C. doi:10.1111/maps.12664
Моргунова Н. Л., Кулькова М. А., Кульков А. М. Метеоритное железо в производственной и ритуальной практике ямной культуры Приуралья // Краткие сообщения Института археологии. Вып. 262, 2021. С. 190—206 https://www.archaeolog.ru/media/ksia/ksia-262-redu.pdf#page=190