Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme 1 | χόλος + μέλας | |
| lexeme 2 | μελαγχολία | |
| meaning 1 | bile, gall + black | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | sadness, melancholy | |
| reference | LSJ | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Armenian | |
| lexeme 1 | maġj (մաղձ) + sew (սև) | |
| lexeme 2 | sewamaġj (սևամաղձ) | |
| meaning 1 | bile, gall + black | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (rare) sadness, melancholy | |
| reference | Ačaṙean: III, 293 | |
| comment | Armenian melamaġj (մելամաղձ) '(poetic) melancholy, deep sadness or depression' is a partial calque of Ancient Greek μελαγχολία Žamanakakicʻ hayocʻ lezvi bacʻatrakan baṙaran [Explanatory Dictionary of Contemporary Armenian] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, 1969–1980 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Classical Arabic | |
| lexeme | sawdāʔ (سَوْدَاء) | |
| meaning 1 | black bile | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | sadness, melancholy | |
| reference | Lane | |
| comment | sawdāʔ is a feminine singular of ʔaswad (أَسْوَد) 'black' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme | sowdâ (سودا) | |
| meaning 1 | black bile | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | melancholy | |
| reference | Steingass 1892 | |
| comment | Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim |
|
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Georgian | |
| lexeme | ნაღველი (naghveli) | |
| meaning 1 | bile, gall | ნაღველივით მწარე / naghvelivit mts'are bitter as bile |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | fig. sorrow, grief, sadness, distress, anguish | თვალებიდან ცრემლი და გულიდან ნაღველი არა მშორდებოდა (ვაჟა). / Tears from my eyes and grief from my heart would not leave me (Vazha) |
| reference | Čikobava et al. 1964 Kurdadze 2015: 173 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Urdu | |
| lexeme | saudā (سَودا) | |
| meaning 1 | black bile (one of the four humours of the body) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | melancholy; hypochondria | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017. http://udb.gov.pk/result.php?search=%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7 |
|
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Welsh | |
| lexeme | geri | |
| meaning 1 | bile | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | sadness | |
| reference | Geiriadur | |
| comment | ||
Black bile is one of the four humours of ancient and mediaeval physiology, that was believed to be secreted by the kidneys and spleen and to cause melancholy and sadness when present in excess