Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Albanian | |
| lexeme | çifut | |
| meaning 1 | Jewish | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (derogatory) stingy person | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Belarusan | |
| lexeme | жыд | |
| meaning 1 | (archaic) Jew | Гандаль і рамеслы у нашым краю развівалі жыды. І трэба сказаць, што у гэтым накірунку яны досіць ажывілі наш край і праз увесь час прыносілі яму шмат карысьці. (1918, Зьмітрок Бядуля, Жыды на Беларусi, Менск: Друкарня Я. А. Грынблята, page 7) Byŭ tut ksiądz, byŭ i pop, byŭ i rabin żydoŭ (1891, Francišak Bahuševič, Dudka białaruskaja Macieja Buraczka, Kraków: Wł. L. Anczyc, page 16) The Jews were advancing commerce and crafts in our region. And it must be said that on this frontier they have invigorated our region and kept bringing many benefits to it over time. A Catholic priest was present here, and an Orthodox priest too, and a rabbi from the Jews |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (derogatory) a miserly or greedy person; a cheapskate | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы 10, 29 Historically it was a regular, non-offensive term but with the Russian influence (compare with Russian жид), it can now be very offensive. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | Jew | |
| meaning 1 | member or descendant of the Jewish people | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (derogatory) a miserly or greedy person; a cheapskate | “Jesus, Williams, you're such a Jew,” Jimmy said in an annoyed, high-pitched tone. “Have you ever just paid a check, or do you always make an ass of yourself?” (2010, Matthew S. Hiley, Hubris Falls, page 111) |
| reference | OED English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | kike | |
| meaning 1 | (US, offensive) Jew | "Now you quit kidding me! What's the nice little name?" "Oh, it ain't so darn nice. I guess it's kind of kike. But my folks ain't kikes. My papa's papa was a nobleman in Poland, and there was a gentleman in here one day, he was kind of a count or something--" (Sinclair Lewis Babbitt) |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (US, offensive) miser; a contemptible, stingy person, particularly a well-endowed one | That greedy kike would not give me any money when I was starving and needed food. |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/kike.htm Thought to be from Yiddish kaykl (קײַקל) 'circle'. In the early 20th century, non-English-speaking Jews that immigrated to the United States would sign papers with a circle as opposed to a more common X. The latter symbol was associated by these Jews with the Christian cross, a symbol that, to them, represented millennia of persecution. This is the dominant etymological theory, but there are others, in particular a contraction from the documented phrase ‘Ikey-Kikey’, an American-origin reduplication of Ikey, British-English pejorative for Jews after the prevalence of the name Isaac |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme | juif | |
| meaning 1 | Jewish | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (offensive) stingy, avaricious | |
| reference | CNRTL | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Norwegian | |
| lexeme | jøde | |
| meaning 1 | (offensive) Jew, used as an insult | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (offensive) greedy person | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | The word "jøde" may be used in Norwegian in a fully neutral and descriptive sense, denoting a Jewish person, but is also used as a common anti-Semitic ethnic slur against Jewish people, particularly among young people; it was described as the most common insult among youth in Norway in the 2010s alongside the offensive words "homo" and "hore." Its use as an insult and ethnic slur has been linked to the impact of the Israel-Palestine conflict, and the insult is used by both non-Muslim and Muslim youth. The word is also commonly used, especially by young people, as an offensive insult against people who are not actually Jewish, based on stereotypes of Jewish people, particularly in the sense of a person regarded as greedy. Det kan skje igjen: Rapport fra Kunnskapsdepartementets arbeidsgruppe om antisemittisme og rasisme i skolen (2011) https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/kd/vedlegg/grunnskole/eidsvagutvalget/eidsvag_rapport_det_kan_skje_igjen.pdf Tonje Egedius, "Jøde er det vanligste skjellsordet i norske skolegårder, Aftenposten (2014) https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/2xbv/joede-er-det-vanligste-skjellsordet-i-norske-skolegaarder |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | żyd | |
| meaning 1 | Jewish | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | stingy | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Karłowicz J., Kryński A., Niedźwiedzki W. Słownik języka polskiego. T. 1—8. Warszawa etc., 1904—1927 (1952—1953). 8: 732 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | жид | |
| meaning 1 | (dated, now offensive) Jewish | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) stingy | |
| reference | Anikin RES: 16, 324-325 | |
| comment | Даль (3-е изд.) 1: 1345. Over time, the Russian жид acquired a pronounced pejorative meaning (not earlier than the 16th-17th centuries, especially in the 18th century) and became a abusive word. The pejorative words жиды, жидовский in official papers were replaced (at the request of the Jews from Shklov, handed to Catherine II) by евреи, еврейский, which avoided the development of abusive semantics, since they were perceived as an element of bookish, high style. жидовúн бран. ‘stingy, miser’ Arkhangelsk, Tambov. (Опыт областного великорусского словаря. СПб., 1852: 57), жидю́к ‘stingy’ Tver' (Дополнение к Опыту областного великорусского словаря. СПб., 1858: 50) |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Slovenian | |
| lexeme | žȉd | |
| meaning 1 | Jewish | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | stingy, money lender | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Bezlaj Fr. Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana, 1976—2007. 4, 453 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Swedish | |
| lexeme | jude | |
| meaning 1 | Jewish | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dated, derogatory) cheapskate | |
| reference | SAOB | |
| comment | ||
In the folk culture of Christian Europe, Jews were considered stingy, cf. Shylock in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice"
Белова Евреи // SA 2: 173—176