Number of realizations
19
to turn, rotate (intr.)
→
to become
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Icelandic |
| Lexeme |
umsnúa |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to transform |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Берков |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Lezgian |
| Lexeme |
elqːün |
| Meaning 1 |
to spin, to swirl |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to turn into |
бугъдиз элкъуьн
"to turn inot vapour" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
(LezgRus 393) |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Swahili |
| Lexeme |
pindua |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn, to topple |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to transform |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Polikanov |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Old English |
| Lexeme |
awendan |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn away/off, avert, remove, turn upside down |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
turn |
He wæter awende to wînlîcum drence
"He turned water into winelike drink" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Bosworth, Toller 61-62 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Azeri |
| Lexeme |
dön- |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn (back), to roll over |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to turn into |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
АзРС 81 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Latin |
| Lexeme |
verto |
| Meaning 1 |
to spin |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to transform |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
(Glare 2042-2044) |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Russian |
| Lexeme |
obernut'sja |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn |
Я обернулся и увидел уходящий троллейбус.
"I turned back and saw a trolleybus go away." |
| Meaning 2 |
to turn into |
Обернулась царевна лягушкой.
"The princess turned into a frog." |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Cf. also Russian вращаться, превращаться, borrowed from Church Slavonic. It is worth noting also оборотиться 'turn into', оборотень 'werewolf'. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Cognates |
| Language 1 |
French |
| Language 2 |
Portuguese |
| Lexeme 1 |
tourner |
| Lexeme 2 |
tornar-se |
| Meaning 1 |
to rotate, turn |
La Terre tourne autour du Soleil.
"The Earth revolves around the Sun." |
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to turn into, to become |
|
| Reference |
Larousse online
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Cf. also. Portuguese tornassol 'sunflower', apparently derived from the meaning 'turn'. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Spanish |
| Lexeme |
volver |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn |
volver la cabeza
"to turn one's head" |
| Meaning 2 |
to transform |
volver en burla
"to turn into a joke" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
(Narumov 1995: 797) |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Azeri |
| Lexeme |
çevir- |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to transform |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
also çevril- 'to turn over, to turn into' |
| Realization |
| Type |
Cognates |
| Language 1 |
Latin |
| Language 2 |
German |
| Lexeme 1 |
verto |
| Lexeme 2 |
werden |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to become |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Saamic |
| Lexeme |
коаввсэ |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn (back) |
коаввэсьт чув гоаррэ кāсвэнѣ
"turn your face to the north" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to become similar, to turn into |
пāррьшя коаввэсьт ажэсь коавва; акэшка коаввэсьт оадзэнѣ
"The boy started looking similar to his father, the old woman turned into a spider" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
СаамРС, 94 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Semantic evolution |
| Language 1 |
Ancient Greek |
| Language 2 |
Modern Greek |
| Lexeme |
μετατρέπω |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn back |
μετὰ δ᾽ ἐτράπετο
"(Achilles) turned back" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to transform |
|
| Reference |
Xorikov
Malev 1993 page 514
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Probably Modern Greek meaning appeared under influence French convertir. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
English |
| Lexeme |
turn |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn, rotate (intr.) |
turn towards me!
"повернись ко мне!" |
| Meaning 2 |
to become |
a. to turn sour; b. to turn traitor;
"1) ‘сделаться кислым’;" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
The English word was borrowed from the Old French tourner 'spin'. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Russian |
| Lexeme 1 |
vraščat'sja |
| Lexeme 2 |
prevratit'sja |
| Meaning 1 |
to spin, to rotate |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to turn into |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Uzbek |
| Lexeme |
aylan- |
| Meaning 1 |
to spin, to go round, to turn |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to turn into |
suv muzga aylandi
"the water turned into ice" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Cf. The same in Karaim айлан- . КРПС 53 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Armenian |
| Lexeme |
dařnal |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn (back) |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to turn into, to become |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
АрмРС 179 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Karaim |
| Lexeme |
кайыр- |
| Meaning 1 |
to turn, to rotate |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to transform |
кÿннÿ кечеге кайырадылар
"They turned day into night" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
КРПС 285. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Tabassaran |
| Lexeme |
ilt’i(b)k’ub |
| Meaning 1 |
to spin, to roll |
тIириччв илтIибкIура
"the spinning top is whirling" |
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to transform |
жанавриз илтIикIуб
"to turn into a wolf" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
(TabRus 174) |