to turn, rotate (intr.)
→
to become
22 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 2877 | to return (intr.) | → | to become | Open |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Ancient Greek | |
| Language 2 | Modern Greek | |
| Lexeme | μετατρέπω | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn back | μετὰ δ᾽ ἐτράπετο (Achilles) turned back |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to transform | |
| Reference | Xorikov, Malev 1993: 514 | |
| Comment | Probably Modern Greek meaning appeared under influence French convertir. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Armenian | |
| Lexeme | dařnal | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn (back) | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into, to become | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | АрмРС 179 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Azerbaijani | |
| Lexeme | dön- | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn (back), to roll over | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into | |
| Reference | ARRAL: 81 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Azerbaijani | |
| Lexeme | çevir- | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to transform | |
| Reference | ARRAL | |
| Comment | also çevril- 'to turn over, to turn into' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme | turn | |
| Meaning 1 | turn towards me! повернись ко мне! |
|
| Meaning 2 | a. to turn sour; b. to turn traitor; 1) ‘сделаться кислым’; |
|
| Reference | ||
| Comment | The English word was borrowed from the Old French tourner 'spin'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | French | |
| Language 2 | Portuguese | |
| Lexeme 1 | tourner | |
| Lexeme 2 | tornar-se | |
| Meaning 1 | to rotate, turn | La Terre tourne autour du Soleil. The Earth revolves around the Sun. |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into, to become | |
| Reference | Larousse online | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | umsnúa | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to transform | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Берков | |
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language | Irish Gaelic | |
| Lexeme | iompaigh | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn, rotate (intr.) | Do cheann a iompu to turn one's head |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to become | d'iompaigh se ina Chaitliceach he became a Catholic |
| Reference | Ó Dónaill 1977: 721 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Karaim | |
| Lexeme | кайыр- | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn, to rotate | |
| Meaning 2 | to transform | кÿннÿ кечеге кайырадылар They turned day into night |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | КРПС 285. | |
| NEW Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kazakh | |
| Lexeme | айналу | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn, rotate (intr.) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into, to change into | |
| Reference | Syzdykova, Xusain (eds.) 2008: 38 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kildin Saami | |
| Lexeme | коаввсэ | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn (back) | коаввэсьт чув гоаррэ кāсвэнѣ turn your face to the north |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to become similar, to turn into | пāррьшя коаввэсьт ажэсь коавва; акэшка коаввэсьт оадзэнѣ The boy started looking similar to his father, the old woman turned into a spider |
| Reference | Kuruč 1985: 94 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | verto, -ere | |
| Meaning 1 | to spin | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to transform | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (Glare 2042-2044) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Latin | |
| Language 2 | German | |
| Lexeme 1 | verto, -ere | |
| Lexeme 2 | werden | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to become | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Lezgian | |
| Lexeme | elqːün | |
| Meaning 1 | to spin, to swirl | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into | бугъдиз элкъуьн to turn inot vapour |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (LezgRus 393) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old English | |
| Lexeme | awendan | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn away/off, avert, remove, turn upside down | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into | He wæter awende to wînlîcum drence He turned water into winelike drink |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Bosworth, Toller 61-62 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme | obernut'sja | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn | Я обернулся и увидел уходящий троллейбус. I turned back and saw a trolleybus go away. |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into | Обернулась царевна лягушкой. The princess turned into a frog. |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Cf. also Russian вращаться, превращаться, borrowed from Church Slavonic. It is worth noting also оборотиться 'turn into', оборотень 'werewolf'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme 1 | vraščat'sja | |
| Lexeme 2 | prevratit'sja | |
| Meaning 1 | to spin, to rotate | |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | volver | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn | volver la cabeza to turn one's head |
| Meaning 2 | to transform | volver en burla to turn into a joke |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (Narumov 1995: 797) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Swahili | |
| Lexeme | pindua | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn, to topple | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to transform | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Polikanov | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tabassaran | |
| Lexeme | ilt’i(b)k’ub | |
| Meaning 1 | to spin, to roll | тIириччв илтIибкIура the spinning top is whirling |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to transform | жанавриз илтIикIуб to turn into a wolf |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (TabRus 174) | |
| NEW Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | dön- | |
| Meaning 1 | to turn, rotate (intr.) | tekerlek dönüyor the weel is turning |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to become | bahçeye emek verilince cennete döndü After the efforts applied to a garden it turned into a paradise. |
| Reference | Baskakov 1977: 246 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Uzbek | |
| Lexeme | aylan- | |
| Meaning 1 | to spin, to go round, to turn | |
| Meaning 2 | to turn into | suv muzga aylandi the water turned into ice |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Cf. The same in Karaim айлан- . КРПС 53 | |
Perhaps, the polysemy 'to turn round'/ 'to become' existed in Indo-European root *vert. (Slavic vert-, German werden, Latin vertere) Cf. examples in Фасмер I, 301.