boy
→
servant
32 realizations
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Ukrainian | |
| Language 2 | Polish | |
| Lexeme 1 | parubok | |
| Lexeme 2 | parobek | |
| Meaning 1 | young man, youth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | labourer | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Also Czech parobek 'slave', vern. 'guy' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Munji | |
| Language 2 | Yidgha | |
| Lexeme 1 | idá | |
| Lexeme 2 | idã | |
| Meaning 1 | young man, youth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ЭСИЯ 3, 102 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hungarian | |
| Lexeme | inas | |
| Meaning 1 | boy-disciple | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | valet, servant | |
| Reference | Гальди 1974: 325 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old English | |
| Lexeme | cnafa | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | young servant, servant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Bosworth, Toller 161 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old English | |
| Lexeme | cniht | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant, (young) soldier | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Bosworth, Toller 162-163 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme | boy | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | boy (errand boy, boy servant in the East) | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Cf. Also the Fr. garçon 'a boy waiter in a cafe' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old Slavonic | |
| Lexeme | отрокъ | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant, servant boy | |
| Reference | Старославянский словарь. М., 1999, 424. | |
| Comment | Cf. also отрiк 'worker', Bulg. отрок 'boy', Old Serb отрокъ 'under age' etc. See Фасмер III, 172, Копечный 1968 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old East Slavic | |
| Lexeme | отрокъ | |
| Meaning 1 | boy, teenager | Оброшеныę въ огни отрокы (Остромирово Ев., л.245) 'boys thrown into the fire (Ostromir Gospels, p. 245)' |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | slave | И рече къ wтрокомъ своимъ: къторый wт васъ слоужити емоу хощеть, да аще оугодить емоу, живъ Гь, яко свободьнъ боудеть. Златостр.д. 1200 г. |
| Reference | Срезневский, II, 764 | |
| Comment | The Old Rus. отрокъ means also 'soldier': Пристрои Ратиборъ wтрокы въ wружьи (Повесть временных лет, 6603 г.) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language 1 | Bulgarian | |
| Language 2 | Old Slavonic | |
| Lexeme 1 | hlape | |
| Lexeme 2 | хлапъ | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant, slave | |
| Reference | Фасмер, IV, 257. | |
| Comment | Cf. Also the Pol. сhłор, High Lus. khłор, khłорс "guy", Bulg. хлапе Mid. Rus., хлапак "boy" (Фасмер 4,257) Pol. сhłорiес "boy" (Фасмер, 4, 245). Rus. Холоп | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | puer | |
| Meaning 1 | child, baby; boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | young servant, slave | |
| Reference | Дворецкий И.Х., Латинско-русский словарь. М., 1976 | |
| Comment | Glare 1514-1515 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Greek | |
| Lexeme | παῖς | |
| Meaning 1 | child, baby | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | young slave | |
| Reference | LSJ | |
| Comment | LSJ 1289 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | German | |
| Language 2 | English | |
| Lexeme 1 | Knabe | |
| Lexeme 2 | knave | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | swindler, rogue | |
| Reference | Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка с VII по XVII в. М., 1998, 153 | |
| Comment | The Engl. knave can be traced back to the Old Engl. сnafa 'boy, young servant, servant'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Old English | |
| Language 2 | German | |
| Lexeme 1 | cniht | |
| Lexeme 2 | Knecht | |
| Meaning 1 | boy, servant | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant | |
| Reference | Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка с VII по XVII в. М., 1998 | |
| Comment | Old Engl. cniht ‘boy, servant, (young) soldier’ >Mod. Engl. knight | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Azerbaijani | |
| Language 2 | Kyrghyz | |
| Lexeme 1 | malay | |
| Lexeme 2 | малай | |
| Meaning 1 | young man, boy, youth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | knave, servant, laborer | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Cf. also the Tatar малай 'child; son' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Azerbaijani | |
| Lexeme | gәdә | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant | |
| Reference | ARRAL: 102 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Armenian | |
| Lexeme | tła | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | АрмРС 660 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | muchacho | |
| Meaning 1 | boy, youth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Narumov 1995: 518 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | garçon | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | Filles et garçons vont dans les mêmes écoles. 'Girls and boys go to the same schools.' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | servant (obs.), waiter | donner un pourboire au garçon 'to tip the waiter' |
| Reference | CNRTL | |
| Comment | Originally, the direction of the shift was inverse: in Old French, the word garçon meant 'servant' [Sakhno 2009: 311] | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| Lexeme | tóng (童) | |
| Meaning 1 | teenager, child | Nà ge bìngtóng de qíngkuàng jīntiān kànqǐlái bǐ zuótiān gèng bùmiào (那个病童的情况今天看起来比昨天更不妙。) 'The sick child looks still worse today than yesterday.' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | young servant; servant boy | qiútóng (球童) 'caddie' |
| Reference | BKRS: 707 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Old East Slavic | |
| Language 2 | Komi | |
| Lexeme | челядь | |
| Meaning 1 | valetry, servants | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | children | челядьöс доръян йöзкоста лун 'International Children's Day' |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | КомиРС, 695-696 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | piltur | |
| Meaning 1 | young man, youth; boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | worker, labourer | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Берков | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Khmer | |
| Lexeme 1 | ko:n | |
| Lexeme 2 | ko:n-khmuəy | |
| Meaning 1 | child | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | servants | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Gorgoniev 1984, 66 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | băiat | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | valet | băiat de casă 'valet, "boy"' |
| Reference | DEX98 | |
| Comment | DRRS 1, 211, DEX98 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Fula | |
| Lexeme | gorel | |
| Meaning 1 | young boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ФРФС 202 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Classical Arabic | |
| Lexeme | ġulām- | |
| Meaning 1 | a young man, youth, boy, or male child | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | a male slave | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (Lane 2286-87). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Chaha | |
| Lexeme 1 | dängʸa | |
| Lexeme 2 | yäbet dängʸa | |
| Meaning 1 | boys | yagdatɛ yädängʸa mädäru 'the area of the partition is the children's'; dängʸa tägred 'boys and girls' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | servants and slaves of the family (lit. children of the house) | yäčbɛmma yäbet dängʸa yədgataropʷä 'as for the section of the central pillar, the servants sleep in it |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (LGur. I 44; Leslau 1983:40, 45) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Tigrinya | |
| Language 2 | Geez | |
| Lexeme 1 | ḳolʕa | |
| Lexeme 2 | ḳʷəlʕe | |
| Meaning 1 | child, kid, infant | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant, domestic | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (KT 900; LLA 414; LGz. 426). LGz. 426 reports for Geez the meaning A as well, but this meaning is not given in LLA | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Hebrew | |
| Lexeme | naʕar | |
| Meaning 1 | lad, adolescent; young man | naʕar ḳaṭōn ‘a little boy’ (1S 22:35) |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | fellow, servant, attendant | naʕǎrē hammelek ‘the servants of the king’ (Est 2:2) |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (HALOT 707) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sanskrit | |
| Lexeme | kumārá | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | a groom | |
| Reference | MW | |
| Comment | MW 292 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old East Slavic | |
| Lexeme | кощеи | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | servant, slave | |
| Reference | Sreznevskij: vol. I, 1307 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Javanese | |
| Lexeme | kacung | |
| Meaning 1 | lad, boy | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | errand boy, houseboy | |
| Reference | SEAlang Javanese | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 32 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | gulâm | |
| Meaning 1 | boy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | slave | |
| Reference | Baskakov 1977: 360 | |
| Comment | From Arabic ġulām غلام in both meanings. https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/gulam | |
boy → servant boy → servant