bitter
→
sad
31 realizations
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Abaza | |
| Lexeme | айша (ajʃa) | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | фачIв айша зымфас ацха ахъагIара гьидырам / fatʃ’ ajʃa zəmfas at͡sχa aqaʕara ɡʲjəjdəram one who has not had bitter food does not know the sweetness of honey (proverb) |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | fig. sorrowful | ажва щардала йукъакърыквын йайшахитI / aʒa ɕardala jwq’aq’rəkʷən jajʃaχjəjt’ if you repeat a word many times it becomes bitter |
| Reference | Tugov 1967 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Armenian | |
| Lexeme | ału | |
| Meaning 1 | too bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sad, mournful | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | АрмРС 17 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Armenian | |
| Lexeme | dařn | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | АрмРС 179 | |
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bulgarian | |
| Lexeme | горчив | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | горчиво лекарство bitter medicine |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | горчива истина, горчив опит sad truth, painful experience |
| Reference | Bernštejn 1966: 95 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Croatian | |
| Lexeme | gorak | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | |
| Reference | HJP | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Danish | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | bitre mandler bitter mandels |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful, disappointed | |
| Reference | DDO | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | Taste proper comprehends sweet and bitter tastes |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | bitter grief; bitter tears |
| Reference | ODE | |
| Comment | 'bitter' is a common intensificator, bitter cold. | |
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Erzya | |
| Lexeme | чапамо | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | чапамо кшумань; чапамо вина bitter radish; bitter wine |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | сонзэ саизе чапамо рискс he was seized with bitter anguish |
| Reference | Serebrennikov et al. 1993: 738 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Farsi | |
| Lexeme | تلخی talxi | |
| Meaning 1 | bitterness | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | grief, affliction | |
| Reference | Rubinčik 1970: 393 | |
| Comment | ПРС 213. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | amer | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | Charles, ayant goûté son café, le trouva trop amer Having tasted his coffee, Charles found it too bitter |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | amers regrets sorrowful regret |
| Reference | Larousse online | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Gagauz | |
| Lexeme | acı | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | acılanmaa 'to become bitter', 'to be sad' Gagauzça-rusça-romınca sözlük = Гагаузско-русско-румынский словарь = Dicţionar găgăuz-rus-român / Fundaţia pentru susţinerea şi dezvoltarea ştiinţei şi culturii găgăuzilor "CAINAC"; alcăt. P. Cebotari, I. Dron. - Ch.: PONTOS, 2002 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Geez | |
| Lexeme | marir | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | marira kona mes (Jes. 24:9) the honey got bitter |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | la-mənt ṣarāḫka ḫabeya ṣərāḫa marira wa-bəkaya (Hen. 65:5) Why did you cry out to me with a sad wail and weeping? |
| Reference | CDG: 360 | |
| Comment | A common Semitic root, in nearly all Semitic languages it combines both meanings A and B. | |
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | |
| Reference | Duden | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hungarian | |
| Lexeme | keserű | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | keserű orvosság bitter medicine |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | keserű sírás bitter tears |
| Reference | Гальди 1974: 366 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | bitur | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | hún sagði þetta bitrum rómi she said it in a sad voice |
| Reference | ISLEX | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Itelmen | |
| Lexeme 1 | әмчʼлаӽ | |
| Lexeme 2 | әмчʼәмчʼ | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | grief, sorrow | |
| Reference | PIRS: 312 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Karaim | |
| Lexeme 1 | ацы | |
| Lexeme 2 | ацы- | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | ацы йемис horse radish (lit. Bitter vegetable) |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to be upset, to grieve | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | КРПС 87, 89. | |
| NEW Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Komi | |
| Lexeme | курыд | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | вомын курыд bitter in the mouth |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad, hurtful, offensive | курыд синва bitter tears |
| Reference | Beznosikova et al. 2000 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Komi-Permyak | |
| Lexeme | курыт | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | https://dict.fu-lab.ru/term?tid=1306996 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Norwegian | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | bitre mandler bitter mandels |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful, disappointed | bli bitter av all motgangen to become sorrowful because of all the misfortune |
| Reference | BO | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | amar | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | |
| Reference | DEX98 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme | горечь | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter taste | горечь полыни bitterness of wormwood |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | grief, sadness | горечь утраты bitterness of loss |
| Reference | MAS: I, 334 | |
| Comment | The meaning 'bitter' derives from "burn". Cf. also горе 'grief' |
|
| NEW Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Serbian | |
| Lexeme | горак (gorak) | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | горко пиће, горки лек, горка кора bitter drink, bitter medicine, bitter bark |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad, sorrowful | горки уздисај, горки вапаj, горке сузе sad sigh, sorrowful cry, sad tears |
| Reference | Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 212 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | amargar | |
| Meaning 1 | to taste bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to upset | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Narumov 1995: 64 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Swahili | |
| Lexeme | uchungu | |
| Meaning 1 | bitterness, bitter taste | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | bitterness, pain, disappointment (fig.) | |
| Reference | Polikanov | |
| Comment | Also about physical pain - see 2498. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Swedish | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | bitter choklad bitter chocolate |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful, angry | på sin ålderdom blev han alltmer bitter och isolerad in his old age he was becoming more and more bitter and lonely |
| Reference | SAO | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tagalog | |
| Lexeme | mapaít | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Таг 230 | |
| NEW Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tatar | |
| Lexeme | ачы | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | ачы дару bitter medicine |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | ачы минутлар bitter minutes |
| Reference | Asylgaraev, Ganiev et al. (eds.) 2007: 1, 150 Ganiev 1997: 114 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Udmurt | |
| Lexeme | курыт | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | курыт синкылиос "горькие слезы" |
| Reference | Kirillova 2008 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ukrainian | |
| Lexeme | гiркiсть | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter taste | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sadness | |
| Reference | Il'in 1971: 128 | |
| Comment | Украинско-русский словарь, Ильин В.С. и др. Киев, 1990. С.128 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Yakut | |
| Lexeme | аhый- | |
| Meaning 1 | to become sour, bitter | үүт аhыйбыт the milk got sour |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to grieve, to mourn, to sorrow, to regret | сүтэрбит саатын аhыйар He regrets the lost gun |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ЯРС 50. | |
Характерно, что данное определение во всех рассмотренных языках используется как атрибут слез и плача, при этом оба значения накладываются друг на друга (слезы горькие на вкус и связанные с печалью и горем).