ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Abaza | |
Lexeme | айша (ajʃa) | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | фачIв айша зымфас ацха ахъагIара гьидырам / fatʃ’ ajʃa zəmfas at͡sχa aqaʕara ɡʲjəjdəram one who has not had bitter food does not know the sweetness of honey (proverb) |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | fig. sorrowful | ажва щардала йукъакърыквын йайшахитI / aʒa ɕardala jwq’aq’rəkʷən jajʃaχjəjt’ if you repeat a word many times it becomes bitter |
Reference | Tugov 1967 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
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Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Armenian | |
Lexeme | ału | |
Meaning 1 | too bitter | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | sad, mournful | |
Reference | ||
Comment | АрмРС 17 |
ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
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Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Armenian | |
Lexeme | dařn | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | sorrowful | |
Reference | ||
Comment | АрмРС 179 |
NEW Realization 4 | ||
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Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Bulgarian | |
Lexeme | горчив | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | горчиво лекарство bitter medicine |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad | горчива истина, горчив опит sad truth, painful experience |
Reference | Bernštejn 1966: 95 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 5 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Croatian | |
Lexeme | gorak | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad | |
Reference | HJP | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Danish | |
Lexeme | bitter | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | bitre mandler bitter mandels |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sorrowful, disappointed | |
Reference | DDO | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | English | |
Lexeme | bitter | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | Taste proper comprehends sweet and bitter tastes |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | sad | bitter grief; bitter tears |
Reference | ODE | |
Comment | 'bitter' is a common intensificator, bitter cold. |
NEW Realization 8 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Erzya | |
Lexeme | чапамо | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | чапамо кшумань; чапамо вина bitter radish; bitter wine |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad | сонзэ саизе чапамо рискс he was seized with bitter anguish |
Reference | Serebrennikov et al. 1993: 738 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Farsi | |
Lexeme | تلخی talxi | |
Meaning 1 | bitterness | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | grief, affliction | |
Reference | Rubinčik 1970: 393 | |
Comment | ПРС 213. |
ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | French | |
Lexeme | amer | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | Charles, ayant goûté son café, le trouva trop amer Having tasted his coffee, Charles found it too bitter |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sorrowful | amers regrets sorrowful regret |
Reference | Larousse online | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 11 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Gagauz | |
Lexeme | acı | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad | |
Reference | <personally collected data> | |
Comment | acılanmaa 'to become bitter', 'to be sad' Gagauzça-rusça-romınca sözlük = Гагаузско-русско-румынский словарь = Dicţionar găgăuz-rus-român / Fundaţia pentru susţinerea şi dezvoltarea ştiinţei şi culturii găgăuzilor "CAINAC"; alcăt. P. Cebotari, I. Dron. - Ch.: PONTOS, 2002 |
ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Geez | |
Lexeme | marir | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | marira kona mes (Jes. 24:9) the honey got bitter |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | sad | la-mənt ṣarāḫka ḫabeya ṣərāḫa marira wa-bəkaya (Hen. 65:5) Why did you cry out to me with a sad wail and weeping? |
Reference | CDG: 360 | |
Comment | A common Semitic root, in nearly all Semitic languages it combines both meanings A and B. |
NEW Realization 13 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | German | |
Lexeme | bitter | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad | |
Reference | Duden | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Hungarian | |
Lexeme | keserű | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | keserű orvosság bitter medicine |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sorrowful | keserű sírás bitter tears |
Reference | Гальди 1974: 366 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Icelandic | |
Lexeme | bitur | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad | hún sagði þetta bitrum rómi she said it in a sad voice |
Reference | ISLEX | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 16 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Derivation | |
Language | Itelmen | |
Lexeme 1 | әмчʼлаӽ | |
Lexeme 2 | әмчʼәмчʼ | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | grief, sorrow | |
Reference | PIRS: 312 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Derivation | |
Language | Karaim | |
Lexeme 1 | ацы | |
Lexeme 2 | ацы- | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | ацы йемис horse radish (lit. Bitter vegetable) |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | to be upset, to grieve | |
Reference | ||
Comment | КРПС 87, 89. |
NEW Realization 18 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Komi | |
Lexeme | курыд | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | вомын курыд bitter in the mouth |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad, hurtful, offensive | курыд синва bitter tears |
Reference | Beznosikova et al. 2000 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 19 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Komi-Permyak | |
Lexeme | курыт | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad | |
Reference | <personally collected data> | |
Comment | https://dict.fu-lab.ru/term?tid=1306996 |
ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Norwegian | |
Lexeme | bitter | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | bitre mandler bitter mandels |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sorrowful, disappointed | bli bitter av all motgangen to become sorrowful because of all the misfortune |
Reference | BO | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 21 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Romanian | |
Lexeme | amar | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | sad | |
Reference | DEX98 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Russian | |
Lexeme | горечь | |
Meaning 1 | bitter taste | горечь полыни bitterness of wormwood |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | grief, sadness | горечь утраты bitterness of loss |
Reference | MAS: I, 334 | |
Comment | The meaning 'bitter' derives from "burn". Cf. also горе 'grief' |
NEW Realization 23 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Serbian | |
Lexeme | горак (gorak) | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | горко пиће, горки лек, горка кора bitter drink, bitter medicine, bitter bark |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad, sorrowful | горки уздисај, горки вапаj, горке сузе sad sigh, sorrowful cry, sad tears |
Reference | Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 212 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Spanish | |
Lexeme | amargar | |
Meaning 1 | to taste bitter | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | to upset | |
Reference | ||
Comment | Narumov 1995: 64 |
ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Swahili | |
Lexeme | uchungu | |
Meaning 1 | bitterness, bitter taste | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | bitterness, pain, disappointment (fig.) | |
Reference | Polikanov | |
Comment | Also about physical pain - see 2498. |
ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Swedish | |
Lexeme | bitter | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | bitter choklad bitter chocolate |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sorrowful, angry | på sin ålderdom blev han alltmer bitter och isolerad in his old age he was becoming more and more bitter and lonely |
Reference | SAO | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Tagalog | |
Lexeme | mapaít | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | sorrowful | |
Reference | ||
Comment | Таг 230 |
NEW Realization 28 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Tatar | |
Lexeme | ачы | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | ачы дару bitter medicine |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sad | ачы минутлар bitter minutes |
Reference | Asylgaraev, Ganiev et al. (eds.) 2007: 1, 150 Ganiev 1997: 114 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Udmurt | |
Lexeme | курыт | |
Meaning 1 | bitter | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sorrowful | курыт синкылиос "горькие слезы" |
Reference | Kirillova 2008 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 30 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Ukrainian | |
Lexeme | гiркiсть | |
Meaning 1 | bitter taste | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sadness | |
Reference | Il'in 1971: 128 | |
Comment | Украинско-русский словарь, Ильин В.С. и др. Киев, 1990. С.128 |
ACCEPTED Realization 31 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Yakut | |
Lexeme | аhый- | |
Meaning 1 | to become sour, bitter | үүт аhыйбыт the milk got sour |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | to grieve, to mourn, to sorrow, to regret | сүтэрбит саатын аhыйар He regrets the lost gun |
Reference | ||
Comment | ЯРС 50. |
Характерно, что данное определение во всех рассмотренных языках используется как атрибут слез и плача, при этом оба значения накладываются друг на друга (слезы горькие на вкус и связанные с печалью и горем).