hard, solid
→
severe, harsh
25 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 8074 | to melt, thaw | → | to feel tenderness, compassion | Open |
-
Comment
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | σκληρός | |
| meaning 1 | hard (opp. soft) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | of persons, harsh, austere, crue | |
| reference | LSJ | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Armenian | |
| lexeme | karcr (կարծր) | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | severe, cruel; rude | |
| reference | Galstjan 1984: 342 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Azerbaijani | |
| lexeme | sәrt | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | strict, severe | |
| reference | ARRAL: 226 Azərbaycanca-rusca lüǧet 2006 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Batsbi | |
| lexeme | č̣[ꞷ]aɣnā | |
| meaning 1 | firmness, hardness | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cruelty | |
| reference | Bertlani (ed.) 2018: 185 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Classical Armenian | |
| lexeme | karcr (կարծր) | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe, harsh | |
| reference | Petrosean, Matatʿeay 1879 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | harsh | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe, harsh | |
| reference | ABBYY LINGUO OED | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme | سخت saxt | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | harsh | انتقاد سخت enteqād-e saxt harsh criticism |
| reference | Rubinčik 1970: 2, 24 | |
| comment | ПРС 444. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme | dur | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | Le granit est une roche dure Granit is a hard stone |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | severe, shallow hearted | homme dur a severe man |
| reference | CNRTL | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hungarian | |
| lexeme | kemény | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | kemény föld hard ground |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe | kemény hang a stern voice |
| reference | Гальди 1974: 357 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Karaim | |
| lexeme | къатты | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cruel | |
| reference | KRPS: 366 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Komi | |
| lexeme | чорыд | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe | вöрвалöн законъяс чорыдöсь Nature laws are severe |
| reference | Beznosikova et al. 2000: 706 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Latin | |
| lexeme | durus | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe | |
| reference | Lewis, Short | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| lexeme | yìng (硬) | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe, cruel | |
| reference | BKRS: 11020 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Oriya | |
| lexeme | apriya | |
| meaning 1 | hard, harsh | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cruel | |
| reference | Praharaj 1931-1940: 408 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | жесткий (žestkij) | |
| meaning 1 | hard, harsh | жесткая кровать hard bed |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | severe | жесткое правление hard governance |
| reference | ||
| comment | There is also the pair of жесткий /жестокий (hard/severe) wih similar meaning. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme | khára | |
| meaning 1 | hard, harsh, rough, solid | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | cruel | |
| reference | Kočergina 1996: 185 MW: 337 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme | dārúṇá | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe, cruel | |
| reference | MW: 476 Kočergina 1996: 265-266 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme | kārkaśya | |
| meaning 1 | hardness | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | sternness | |
| reference | Kočergina 1996: 159 MW: 275 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme | kāṭhinya | |
| meaning 1 | hardness, rigidity, stiffness | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | sternness, severity | |
| reference | Kočergina 1996: 157 MW: 269 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tigrinya | |
| lexeme | ʕaṣṣiḳ̆ | |
| meaning 1 | 'tough, hard' | ʕaṣṣiḳ̆ səga 'hard, tough meat, poor quality meat' |
| meaning 2 | 'hard, unfeeling or insensitive person' | |
| reference | ||
| comment | KT 1943 | |
| NEW Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme | dürüşt | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | rude | dürüşt söz a rude word |
| reference | Baskakov 1977: 254 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme | katı | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | katı cisim solid object (in physics) |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe | katı söz rude word |
| reference | Baskakov 1977: 521 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme | pek | |
| meaning 1 | hard, solid | İnsan gülden nazik, taştan pektir (Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar) Man is kinder than a rose and stronger than a stone |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | severe, harsh | pek yürekli cruel, merciless (lit. with a hard heart) |
| reference | Baskakov 1977: 717 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tuvan | |
| lexeme | кадыг | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | strict, severe; hard; rude; cruel; severely, cruelly, rudely | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yakut | |
| lexeme | кытаанах | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | strict | |
| reference | Slepcov 1972: 213 | |
| comment | ||