hard, solid → severe, harsh 26 realizations
NEW Realization 1
type Polysemy
language Ancient Greek
lexeme σκληρός
meaning 1 hard (opp. soft)
direction →
meaning 2 of persons, harsh, austere, crue
reference LSJ
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 2
type Polysemy
language Armenian
lexeme karcr (կարծր)
meaning 1 hard
direction —
meaning 2 severe, cruel; rude
reference Galstjan 1984: 342
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 3
type Polysemy
language Azerbaijani
lexeme sәrt
meaning 1 hard, solid
direction —
meaning 2 strict, severe
reference ARRAL: 226 Azərbaycanca-rusca lüǧet 2006
comment
NEW Realization 4
type Polysemy
language Batsbi
lexeme č̣[ꞷ]aɣnā
meaning 1 firmness, hardness
direction →
meaning 2 cruelty
reference Bertlani (ed.) 2018: 185
comment
NEW Realization 5
type Polysemy
language Classical Armenian
lexeme karcr (կարծր)
meaning 1 hard, solid
direction →
meaning 2 severe, harsh
reference Petrosean, Matatʿeay 1879
comment
NEW Realization 6
type Polysemy
language English
lexeme harsh
meaning 1 hard, solid
direction →
meaning 2 severe, harsh
reference ABBYY LINGUO OED
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 7
type Polysemy
language Farsi
lexeme سخت saxt
meaning 1 hard
direction —
meaning 2 harsh انتقاد سخت enteqād-e saxt
harsh criticism
reference Rubinčik 1970: 2, 24
comment ПРС 444.
ACCEPTED Realization 8
type Polysemy
language French
lexeme dur
meaning 1 hard, solid Le granit est une roche dure
Granit is a hard stone
direction —
meaning 2 severe, shallow hearted homme dur
a severe man
reference CNRTL
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 9
type Polysemy
language Hungarian
lexeme kemény
meaning 1 hard, solid kemény föld
hard ground
direction →
meaning 2 severe kemény hang
a stern voice
reference Гальди 1974: 357
comment
NEW Realization 10
type Polysemy
language Karaim
lexeme къатты
meaning 1 hard
direction →
meaning 2 cruel
reference KRPS: 366
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 11
type Polysemy
language Komi
lexeme чорыд
meaning 1 hard
direction →
meaning 2 severe вöрвалöн законъяс чорыдöсь
Nature laws are severe
reference Beznosikova et al. 2000: 706
comment
NEW Realization 12
type Polysemy
language Latin
lexeme durus
meaning 1 hard, solid
direction →
meaning 2 severe
reference Lewis, Short
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 13
type Polysemy
language Mandarin Chinese
lexeme yìng (硬)
meaning 1 hard
direction →
meaning 2 severe, cruel
reference BKRS: 11020
comment
NEW Realization 14
type Polysemy
language Oriya
lexeme apriya
meaning 1 hard, harsh
direction →
meaning 2 cruel
reference Praharaj 1931-1940: 408
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 15
type Polysemy
language Russian
lexeme жесткий (žestkij)
meaning 1 hard, harsh жесткая кровать
hard bed
direction —
meaning 2 severe жесткое правление
hard governance
reference
comment There is also the pair of жесткий /жестокий (hard/severe) wih similar meaning.
ACCEPTED Realization 16
type Polysemy
language Sanskrit
lexeme khára
meaning 1 hard, harsh, rough, solid
direction —
meaning 2 cruel
reference Kočergina 1996: 185 MW: 337
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 17
type Polysemy
language Sanskrit
lexeme dārúṇá
meaning 1 hard
direction →
meaning 2 severe, cruel
reference MW: 476 Kočergina 1996: 265-266
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 18
type Polysemy
language Sanskrit
lexeme kārkaśya
meaning 1 hardness
direction —
meaning 2 sternness
reference Kočergina 1996: 159 MW: 275
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 19
type Polysemy
language Sanskrit
lexeme kāṭhinya
meaning 1 hardness, rigidity, stiffness
direction →
meaning 2 sternness, severity
reference Kočergina 1996: 157 MW: 269
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 20
type Polysemy
language Tigrinya
lexeme ʕaṣṣiḳ̆
meaning 1 'tough, hard' ʕaṣṣiḳ̆ səga
'hard, tough meat, poor quality meat'
meaning 2 'hard, unfeeling or insensitive person'
reference
comment KT 1943
NEW Realization 21
type Polysemy
language Turkish
lexeme dürüşt
meaning 1 hard, solid
direction →
meaning 2 rude dürüşt söz
a rude word
reference Baskakov 1977: 254
comment
NEW Realization 22
type Polysemy
language Turkish
lexeme katı
meaning 1 hard, solid

katı cisim


solid object (in physics)
direction →
meaning 2 severe

katı söz


rude word
reference Baskakov 1977: 521
comment
NEW Realization 23
type Polysemy
language Turkish
lexeme pek
meaning 1 hard, solid

İnsan gülden nazik, taştan pektir (Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar)


Man is kinder than a rose and stronger than a stone
direction →
meaning 2 severe, harsh

pek yürekli


cruel, merciless (lit. with a hard heart)
reference Baskakov 1977: 717
comment
NEW Realization 24
type Polysemy
language Turkish
lexeme sert
meaning 1 hard, solid




direction →
meaning 2 severe, harsh




reference Baskakov 1977: 765
comment


ACCEPTED Realization 25
type Polysemy
language Tuvan
lexeme кадыг
meaning 1 hard
direction —
meaning 2 strict, severe; hard; rude; cruel; severely, cruelly, rudely
reference
comment
NEW Realization 26
type Polysemy
language Yakut
lexeme кытаанах
meaning 1 hard
direction →
meaning 2 strict
reference Slepcov 1972: 213
comment

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