to work
→
to give birth
8 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 1164 | to suffer | ↔ | to work | Open |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | labour | |
| meaning 1 | to work | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to give birth, to have birth pangs | |
| reference | LDOCE | |
| comment | It is possible that the polysemy has been preserved from the Lat. laborare: cf. laborare utero ‘to work with the womb’ and ‘to suffer in the womb’, meaning ‘to feel labour pains’, labor Lucinae ‘birth giving, labour pains’. Lucina is the Roman godess of child bearing. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme | travail | |
| meaning 1 | work | J'ai beaucoup de travail à faire I have a lot of work to do (Tuebingen team) |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | labour | femme en travail, salle de travail a woman in labour; delivery department |
| reference | Tuebingen team | |
| comment | in modern French, the verb travailler has no meaning for 'give birth'. but Romanian travaliu 'delivery of child' (from French), English travail ‘labour’, ‘labour (of childbirth)’. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Nganasan | |
| lexeme | таньдяʔа | |
| meaning 1 | worker | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | pregnant | |
| reference | NMS: 1011, 2750 | |
| comment | Cf. also тандяʔа ися коныди (таньдиай ися коныди) 'to get pregnant', lit. 'to become a labourer' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Old Irish | |
| language 2 | Latin | |
| lexeme 1 | do-gnīu | |
| lexeme 2 | gigno, -ere | |
| meaning 1 | to do, to make | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | to give birth | |
| reference | Buck: 538 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | мучиться (mučit'sja) | |
| meaning 1 | to work hard, to suffer | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to deliver (a child) | Бабушка, поп просит вас, попадья там рожает Granny, the priest is calling you. priest's wife is getting birth |
| reference | Tolstaja 1998 | |
| comment | Smolensk SRNG 19, 141. In standart Russian мучиться 'to suffer, to be tormented (by)' | |
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Russian | |
| language 2 | Serbian | |
| lexeme 1 | трудиться (trudit’sâ) | |
| lexeme 2 | трудан (trudan) | |
| meaning 1 | to work | трудиться в поле work in the field |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | pregnant | трудна жена pregnant woman |
| reference | BTS: 1348 Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 346 | |
| comment | In Russian dialects трудиться can mean 'to suffer', 'to give birth' (Купчиха трудилась родами целую няделю 'merchant's wife was in labor for a whole week' , труждение 'illness; labor pains' Dobrovol'skij 1914, 918-919). Cf. also Dal' “Родильница в труде, в трудах, в муках, в родах” 'a woman in labour, in birth giving'. Serbian, Macedonian трудна жена 'pregnant woman' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Tigrinya | |
| lexeme 1 | ṣäʕarä | |
| lexeme 2 | täṣäʕarä | |
| meaning 1 | to toil, work hard, strive, to exert oneself | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to be in labour (woman) | |
| reference | KT: 2603 | |
| comment | the verb täṣäʕarä also means 'to be in agony, to be in the death throes; to moan, groan' (KT 2603). The Amharic cognate ṭarä and its derivatives have only the meanings 'to toil' and 'to suffer, to be in agony, to groan' (K 2112) | |
The intermediate meaning is obviously 'to suffer'.