<foreigner>
→
giant
14 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 2156 | <foreigner> | ↔ | monster (supernatural) | Open |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Ancient Greek | |
| Language 2 | Georgian | |
| Lexeme 1 | Κιμμέριοι | |
| Lexeme 2 | gmiri | |
| Meaning 1 | Cimmerian | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giant, hero | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Also Osset. gumeri 'giant', 'blockhead, bonehead' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Old East Slavic | |
| Language 2 | Church Slavonic | |
| Lexeme 1 | чудь | |
| Lexeme 2 | чоудъ | |
| Meaning 1 | Thoods, a Baltic Finnish tribe | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Журавлев 2007, 97 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Latin | |
| Language 2 | Bulgarian | |
| Lexeme | latini | |
| Meaning 1 | residents of Latium, late romans | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giants | латини-исполини |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Glare 1006 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Latin | |
| Language 2 | Old East Slavic | |
| Lexeme 1 | spali | |
| Lexeme 2 | исполинъ | |
| Meaning 1 | a tribe that lived in the Black Sea region. It was conquered by the Goths in the II century | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | The ethnonym is present in the works of Jordan ("Гетика", 28: ad gentem Spalorum adveniunt), it is identified with the tribe of σπόροι, mentioned by Procopiu of Caesaria. It gave also the Old Pol. stolim, stołym, stolin, stwolin ‘giant’, Kash. stolem ‘giant’. Срезневский 1, 1130-1131, Черных 1, 359, Журавев 2007, 97 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Old Persian | |
| Language 2 | Farsi | |
| Lexeme 1 | parthavan | |
| Lexeme 2 | pählivân | |
| Meaning 1 | Parthian | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | hero, athlete | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Журавлев 2005, 547 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language | Ukrainian | |
| Lexeme 1 | varjah | |
| Lexeme 2 | varjah, varjaha | |
| Meaning 1 | Varangian, a person from the Scandinavian tribe | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husky, sturdy | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | The second meaning is dialectal Журавлев 2007, 98 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Scythian | |
| Language 2 | Classical Armenian | |
| Lexeme 1 | sāka | |
| Lexeme 2 | skay | |
| Meaning 1 | Scythian(s) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giant | skay anari (սկայ անարի) huge giant |
| Reference | АрмРС | |
| Comment | J̌ahukyan 2010, 683, Журавлев 2005, 547. In Classical Armenian was also hskay (հսկայ) 'giant'(h- is intensifying prefix). In Modern Armenian hska (հսկա) 'giant' АрмРС 429. Alternatively Classical Armenian skay probably borrowed from a Middle Iranian descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian *káwiš 'seer, poet', 'institutor of religious rites'[Sanskrit kaví 'poet', Avestan kauui 'poet, bard', Middle Persian kay 'title of the dynasty of Wištāsp, Kayanian', Persian kay, Parthian kaw 'prince, lord; giant', Middle Persian kaw 'prince, lord; giant', Sogdian qwy 'giant'] with the augmentative prefix s- (Olsen 1999, 906; Szemerényi 1970, 426). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language 1 | Old East Slavic | |
| Language 2 | Russian | |
| Lexeme 1 | дулебы | |
| Lexeme 2 | dulep | |
| Meaning 1 | a Slavic tribe | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | a tall and silly person | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | The second word is dialectal (Kursk) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Latin | |
| Language 2 | Ukrainian | |
| Lexeme 1 | Veletabi | |
| Lexeme 2 | велет, велетень | |
| Meaning 1 | a west slavonic tribe | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Also the Rus. Dial. велет, волот 'giant' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | jidov | |
| Meaning 1 | jew (dialect., In the standard lang. evreu ) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | fairy tale giant | |
| Reference | DEX98 | |
| Comment | Also the East.-Bulg. (д)жидове ‘giants’, Serb. dial. џдове 'giants' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme 1 | hongre | |
| Lexeme 2 | ogre | |
| Meaning 1 | a Hungarian man | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | orc | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Old East Slavic | |
| Language 2 | Czech | |
| Lexeme 1 | обре | |
| Lexeme 2 | obr | |
| Meaning 1 | avars | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Pol. olbrzym ‘giant’, High Lus. hober ‘giant’, Slovak. obor, obrín ‘giant’, Sloven. óber ‘giant’ Журавлев 2007, 97-98 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme 1 | Hunne | |
| Lexeme 2 | Hüne | |
| Meaning 1 | Hun | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giant | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Ancient Greek | |
| Language 2 | Bulgarian | |
| Lexeme 1 | ἕλληνες | |
| Lexeme 2 | elini | |
| Meaning 1 | the Greeks | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | giants | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | The Bulgarian word is dialectal (East.) | |
также в олонецких былинах поляк 'удалец, богатырь (обычно иноземный)' Журавлев 2007, 97.