earth
→
year
30 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 1007 | sun | ↔ | day | Open |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Barbareño | |
| Lexeme | shup | |
| Meaning 1 | world, earth; ground, soil, dirt, land | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | From Proto-Southern Chumash *šup ‘earth’ | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Central Hill Nisenan | |
| Lexeme | k’aw | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, ground, place | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Cochimi | |
| Lexeme | ʔ-met ~ ʔ-mat | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, place | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | The word is a cognate of Proto-Yuman *ʔmat ‘land, earth’ | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Cocopa | |
| Lexeme 1 | maṭ | |
| Lexeme 2 | màṭká·m | |
| Meaning 1 | land, ground, floor, country, dirt, earth, (city) lot | land, ground, floor, country, dirt, earth, (city) lot |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Highland Oaxaca Chontal | |
| Lexeme | łamatsʼ | |
| Meaning 1 | the land, earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Iipay | |
| Lexeme 1 | ʔəmat ~ mat ~ ʔəmaṭ | |
| Lexeme 2 | məta:(ʔ)am(p) | |
| Meaning 1 | ‘land, earth, ground, dirt, clay | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ineseño | |
| Lexeme | šup | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | From Proto-Southern Chumash *šup ‘earth’ | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kawaiisu | |
| Lexeme | tii-pɨ | |
| Meaning 1 | dirt; earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Kiliwa | |
| Lexeme 1 | ʔmat | |
| Lexeme 2 | ʔmatkwhaa | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, land, place | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | current year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ʔmat=kwhaa lit. ‘earth that goes’ | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kitanemuk | |
| Lexeme | tɨva-č | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | The word goes back to Proto-Uto-Aztecan *tɨpV- ‘earth’. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Ko’alh | |
| Lexeme 1 | maṭ̌ | |
| Lexeme 2 | maṭ̌wam | |
| Meaning 1 | land, earth | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Lakota | |
| Lexeme 1 | makȟá | |
| Lexeme 2 | ómakȟa | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, ground; dirt, soil, dust | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | a season, a year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Lowland Oaxaca Chontal | |
| Lexeme | amats’ | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, ground, land, soil | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Maricopa | |
| Lexeme | ʔmat ~ mat | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | mat a:m‑k be a (complete, full) year |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Menominee | |
| Lexeme | ahke·w | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, land | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | summer, year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | Second meaning is archaic. The word is a reflex of Proto-Algonquian *axkyi ‘land’. While the primary meaning of *axkyi, retained in all reflexes in daughter languages, was ‘land’, traces of the meanings ‘year’ and ‘summer’ are preserved in the Cree derived verbs aski·wan ‘it is earth, summer, year’ and aski·wiw ‘it is earth, summer, year’ (Zhivlov 2019) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Molala | |
| Lexeme | laŋs | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Paipai | |
| Lexeme 1 | mat | |
| Lexeme 2 | matʔamk | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Palewyami | |
| Lexeme 1 | Hah-pahsˊ | |
| Lexeme 2 | Hahˊ-pil-le | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | happaṣ, happil ‘earth’ (Harrington); hapil ‘earth’, nema ha’pil ‘world’ (Kroeber) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Quechan | |
| Lexeme | ʔəmaṭ | |
| Meaning 1 | land, dirt, clay, territory, place, country, continent | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | ʔəmaṭa:m‑k ~ maṭa:m‑k it is a year; a year passes |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Santee-Sisseton | |
| Lexeme 1 | makhá | |
| Lexeme 2 | ómakha | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, ground; dirt, soil, dust | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | a season, a year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Seri | |
| Lexeme | hant | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, dirt, land | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | This word is used with different definite articles. Combined with the article com ‘horizontal’, it means ‘earth, dirt, land’; with quij ‘compact’ — ‘world, earth’; with hac ‘location’ — ‘place’, with cop/cap ‘vertical; abstract’ — ‘year’. Zhivlov 2019 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Skiri Pawnee | |
| Lexeme | huraaru’ | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | season | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tübatulabal | |
| Lexeme | šuwa·-l | |
| Meaning 1 | the earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | his years | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | The word might be a cognate with Nahuatl šiwi-tl ‘year’ | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ventureño | |
| Lexeme | šup | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | From Proto-Southern Chumash *šup ‘earth’ | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Wappo | |
| Lexeme 1 | ɔʹma | |
| Lexeme 2 | omaʹwɔn | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Wikchamni | |
| Lexeme | p’aʔan’ | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Winnebago | |
| Lexeme | mą | |
| Meaning 1 | earth | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | year | mądjiregą as the years go by, year-by-year |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | mą nųbohanąga ‘to elapse (of years)’, mokahi ‘a number of years’ (mo is an allomorph of mą) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Wintu | |
| Lexeme 1 | po·m | |
| Lexeme 2 | pom-, pomisim | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, land, ground, weather | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | winter, year, in the winter | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Yankton-Yanktonai | |
| Lexeme 1 | makȟá | |
| Lexeme 2 | ómakȟa | |
| Meaning 1 | earth, ground; dirt, soil, dust | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | a season, a year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Yuki | |
| Lexeme | ʔon | |
| Meaning 1 | world, ground, land | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | year | |
| Reference | Zhivlov 2019 | |
| Comment | Proto-Yukian *ʔon ‘earth; ground; land; dirt’ | |
Discussed in Zhivlov 2019