boy
↔
son
51 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 575 | girl | ↔ | daughter | Open |
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Afar | |
| lexeme | áwka | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, page 47 |
|
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Afar | |
| lexeme | báxa | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 65 |
|
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Aghul | |
| lexeme | гада (gada) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Gukasjan 1974 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Amharic | |
| lexeme | ləǧ | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | AED | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Amharic | |
| lexeme | ləǧ | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | AED | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | κόρος | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Sakhno 2009: 303 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Assamese | |
| lexeme | soli (ছলি) | |
| meaning 1 | (Kamrupi, Barpeta, Bajali) boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | (Kamrupi, Barpeta, Bajali) son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Assamese | |
| lexeme | apa (আপা) | |
| meaning 1 | (Kamrupi) boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | (Kamrupi) son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Assamese | |
| lexeme | löra (ল’ৰা) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Avar | |
| lexeme | was | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | ||
| comment | The polysemy in general is typical for Nakh-Daghestanian languages and their different groups (i.e. the words that do not necessarily go back to the same proto-root) (Kibrik, Kodzasov 1990: 57). | |
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Bamu | |
| lexeme | mere | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Carr & Carr 2012: 54 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Batsbi | |
| lexeme | vǒⱨ | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Mikeladze, Gigashvili 2012: 313 | |
| comment | used only by women | |
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Batsbi | |
| lexeme | ḳnat | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Bertlani (ed.) 2013: 31 | |
| comment | used by men and women as well | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Chaha | |
| lexeme | ärč | |
| meaning 1 | boy | mamo wäxe ärču 'Mamo is a good boy' |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | yäbəru nəḳ ärč mamo 'Biru's oldest son Mamo' |
| reference | ||
| comment | (LGur. 19). | |
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Dari | |
| lexeme | bače (بَچه) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Doromu-Koki | |
| lexeme | mida | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Bradshaw 2021: 120 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Internal cognates | |
| language | Estonian | |
| lexeme 1 | poiss | |
| lexeme 2 | poeg | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | EKSS | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme | pesar (پسر) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Finnish | |
| lexeme | poika | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Vahros, Ščerbakov 2007 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Georgian | |
| lexeme | važi (ვაჟი) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Grass Koiarj | |
| lexeme | vami | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | male offspring, male child | |
| reference | Dutton 2003: 192 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hawaiian | |
| lexeme | keiki | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Pukui, Elbert 1992 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hindi | |
| lexeme | laṛkā (लड़का) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | yah laṛkā itnā lambā nahī̃ hai jitnī uskī bahan hai (यह लड़का इतना लंबा नहीं है जितनी उसकी बहन है।) yah laṛkā mujhe ek ā̃kh nahī̃ bhātā (यह लड़का मुझे एक आँख नहीं भाता।) This boy is not as tall as his sister. I do not like this boy at all. |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | yah mere kākā kā laṛkā hai. (यह मेरे काका का लड़का है।) merā laṛkā kal śām paidā huā thā. (मेरा लड़का कल शाम पैदा हुआ था।) This is my uncle's son. My son was born yesterday evening. |
| reference | Bahri 1989 English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hungarian | |
| lexeme | fiú | |
| meaning 1 | boy | kisfiú a little boy |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | apja fia his father's son |
| reference | Гальди 1974: 243 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Javanese | |
| lexeme | kulup | |
| meaning 1 | (term of address) boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | (term of address) son | |
| reference | SEAlang Javanese | |
| comment | (literary) 'with foreskin intact' | |
| NEW Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Khamnigan Mongol | |
| lexeme | kübü:n | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Damdinov, Sundueva 2015: 177 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kubachi | |
| lexeme | гал | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Magomedov, Saidov-Akkutta 2017: 141 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kui | |
| lexeme | āpo | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Winfield Kui Vocabulary: 6 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kurux | |
| lexeme | kukkos | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Oraon-English Dictionary: 389 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lezgian | |
| lexeme | гада (gada) | |
| meaning 1 | boy, young man | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | ||
| comment | (LezgRus 80). The same in Agul ГАДА, Tabassaran ГИДИ. | |
| NEW Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Livvi-Karelian | |
| lexeme | poigu | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Tatjana Boiko (2019) Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 32 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Malto (Sauria Paharia, references do not distinguish from Kumarbhag Paharia) | |
| lexeme | maqe | |
| meaning 1 | son | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | boy | |
| reference | Mahapatra 1987: 102 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 33 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Manda | |
| lexeme | kaḍde | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Ramakrishna Manda: 23 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 34 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Maori | |
| lexeme | tama | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | MD | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 35 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Modern Hebrew | |
| lexeme | bén (בֵּן) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 36 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mongolian (Khalkha) | |
| lexeme | хүү | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | BAMRS 2001-2002 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 37 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Nepali | |
| language 2 | Hindi | |
| lexeme | chorā (छोरा) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Schmidt 1994 | |
| comment | from Ashokan Prakrit *chokkara 'boy' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 38 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Pengo | |
| lexeme | bopa | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Burrow-Bhattacharya's Pengo: 221 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 39 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romani | |
| lexeme | ćhavo | |
| meaning 1 | Romani boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Boretzky, Norbert; Igla, Birgit (1994), Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region], Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 55b |
|
| NEW Realization 40 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | băiat | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | MDA2 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 41 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme | kumārá | |
| meaning 1 | child , boy , youth | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | MW | |
| comment | MW 292, Кочергина 166. Ku-māra (from mṛ 'to die') 'easily dying' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 42 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme | dāraka | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | MW | |
| comment | MW476, Кочергина 265 | |
| NEW Realization 43 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Somali | |
| lexeme | wiil(-ka) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Alejnikov 2012: 340 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 44 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Standard Zhuang | |
| lexeme | lwg | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 45 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tabassaran | |
| lexeme | бай (baj) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | бицIи бай young boy |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son, young man | аьхюну бай elder son |
| reference | ||
| comment | (TabRus 74) | |
| NEW Realization 46 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tabassaran | |
| lexeme | гиди | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | TabRus | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 47 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tajiki | |
| lexeme | писар | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 48 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tatar | |
| lexeme | малай | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | (colloquial) son | |
| reference | Asylgaraev, Ganiev et al. (eds.) 2007: 2, 15 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 49 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Telugu | |
| lexeme | biḍḍaḍu | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Brown Telugu dictionary: 889 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 50 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Thai | |
| lexeme | gù-maan (กุมาร) | |
| meaning 1 | (elegant) boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (of a royal person) son, especially one who is still a boy | |
| reference | SEAlang Thai | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 51 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Udihe | |
| lexeme | бâта | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | son | |
| reference | Simonov, Kyalundzyuga 1998: 169 | |
| comment | ||
Ср. переход ДЕВОЧКА - ДОЧЬ.