boy
↔
servant
45 realizations
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | παῖς | |
| meaning 1 | child, baby | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | young slave | |
| reference | LSJ | |
| comment | LSJ 1289 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Hebrew | |
| lexeme | naʕar | |
| meaning 1 | lad, adolescent; young man | naʕar ḳaṭōn (1S 22:35) a little boy |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | fellow, servant, attendant | naʕǎrē hammelek (Est 2:2) the servants of the king |
| reference | HALOT: 707 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Armenian | |
| lexeme | tġa (տղա) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | Galstjan 1984: 660 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Assamese | |
| lexeme | apa (আপা) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (informal) a young male home servant | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Azerbaijani | |
| language 2 | Kyrghyz | |
| lexeme 1 | malay | |
| lexeme 2 | малай | |
| meaning 1 | young man, boy, youth | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | knave, servant, laborer | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Cf. also the Tatar малай 'child; son' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Azerbaijani | |
| lexeme | gәdә | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | ARRAL: 102 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Bulgarian | |
| language 2 | Old Church Slavonic | |
| lexeme 1 | хлапе | |
| lexeme 2 | хлапъ | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | servant, slave | |
| reference | Fasmer 1986: IV, 257 | |
| comment | Cf. Also the Pol. сhłор, High Lus. khłор, khłорс "guy", Mid. Rus., хлапак "boy" (Фасмер 4,257) Pol. сhłорiес "boy" (Фасмер, 4, 245). Rus. Холоп | |
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Bulgarian | |
| lexeme | момче | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | labourer, worker | |
| reference | Bernštejn 1966: 325 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Chaha | |
| lexeme 1 | dängʸa | |
| lexeme 2 | yäbet dängʸa | |
| meaning 1 | boys | yagdatɛ yädängʸa mädäru; dängʸa tägred the area of the partition is the children's; boys and girls |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | servants and slaves of the family (lit. children of the house) | yäčbɛmma yäbet dängʸa yədgataropʷä As for the section of the central pillar, the servants sleep in it. |
| reference | EDG I: 44 Leslau 1983: 40,45 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Classical Arabic | |
| lexeme | ġulām- | |
| meaning 1 | a young man, youth, boy, or male child | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | a male slave | |
| reference | Lane: 2286-87 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Croatian | |
| lexeme | momak | |
| meaning 1 | guy, boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | assistant to an elder or a superior person (usually in the rural economy) | |
| reference | HJP | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Dutch | |
| lexeme | jongen | |
| meaning 1 | boy | De jongen speelt in de tuin met zijn bal. The boy is playing in the garden with his ball. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | male servant, especially but not exclusively a younger one (using it for older men may be dated and offensive) | De rijke koopman had een jongen die hem hielp bij zijn dagelijkse taken. The wealthy merchant had a male servant who assisted him with his daily tasks. |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | boy | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | boy (errand boy, boy servant in the East) | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Cf. Also the Fr. garçon 'a boy waiter in a cafe' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme | garçon | |
| meaning 1 | boy | Filles et garçons vont dans les mêmes écoles. Girls and boys go to the same schools. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | servant (obs.), waiter | donner un pourboire au garçon to tip the waiter |
| reference | CNRTL | |
| comment | Originally, the direction of the shift was inverse: in Old French, the word garçon meant 'servant' [Sakhno 2009: 311] | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Fula | |
| lexeme | gorel | |
| meaning 1 | young boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ФРФС 202 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | German | |
| language 2 | English | |
| lexeme 1 | Knabe | |
| lexeme 2 | knave | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | swindler, rogue | |
| reference | Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка с VII по XVII в. М., 1998, 153 | |
| comment | The Engl. knave can be traced back to the Old Engl. сnafa 'boy, young servant, servant'. | |
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Gulf Arabic | |
| lexeme | ṣbayy (صْبَيْ) | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | male servant of any age | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hungarian | |
| lexeme | inas | |
| meaning 1 | boy-disciple | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | valet, servant | |
| reference | Гальди 1974: 325 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Icelandic | |
| lexeme | piltur | |
| meaning 1 | young man, youth; boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | worker, labourer | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Берков | |
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Javanese | |
| lexeme | kacung | |
| meaning 1 | lad, boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | errand boy, houseboy | |
| reference | SEAlang Javanese | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Khmer | |
| lexeme 1 | ko:n | |
| lexeme 2 | ko:n-khmuəy | |
| meaning 1 | child | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | servants | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Gorgoniev 1984, 66 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Latin | |
| lexeme | puer | |
| meaning 1 | child, baby; boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | young servant, slave | |
| reference | Дворецкий И.Х., Латинско-русский словарь. М., 1976 | |
| comment | Glare 1514-1515 | |
| NEW Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lithuanian | |
| lexeme | bérnas | |
| meaning 1 | lad | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | LRŽ | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| lexeme | tóng (童) | |
| meaning 1 | teenager, child | Nà ge bìngtóng de qíngkuàng jīntiān kànqǐlái bǐ zuótiān gèng bùmiào (那个病童的情况今天看起来比昨天更不妙。) The sick child looks still worse today than yesterday. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | young servant; servant boy | qiútóng (球童) caddie |
| reference | BKRS: 707 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mongolian (Khalkha) | |
| lexeme | хүү | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | BAMRS 2001-2002 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Munji | |
| language 2 | Yidgha | |
| lexeme 1 | idá | |
| lexeme 2 | idã | |
| meaning 1 | young man, youth | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ЭСИЯ 3, 102 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old Church Slavonic | |
| lexeme | отрокъ | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant, servant boy | |
| reference | Старославянский словарь. М., 1999, 424. | |
| comment | Cf. also отрiк 'worker', Bulg. отрок 'boy', Old Serb отрокъ 'under age' etc. See Фасмер III, 172, Копечный 1968 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old East Slavic | |
| lexeme | отрокъ | |
| meaning 1 | boy, teenager | Оброшеныę въ огни отрокы (Остромирово Ев., л.245) boys thrown into the fire (Ostromir Gospels, p. 245) |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | slave | И рече къ wтрокомъ своимъ: къторый wт васъ слоужити емоу хощеть, да аще оугодить емоу, живъ Гь, яко свободьнъ боудеть. Златостр.д. 1200 г. |
| reference | Срезневский, II, 764 | |
| comment | The Old Rus. отрокъ means also 'soldier': Пристрои Ратиборъ wтрокы въ wружьи (Повесть временных лет, 6603 г.) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Old East Slavic | |
| language 2 | Komi | |
| lexeme | челядь | |
| meaning 1 | valetry, servants | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | children | челядьöс доръян йöзкоста лун International Children's Day |
| reference | ||
| comment | КомиРС, 695-696 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old East Slavic | |
| lexeme | кощеи | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant, slave | |
| reference | Sreznevskij: vol. I, 1307 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old English | |
| lexeme | cnafa | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | young servant, servant | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Bosworth, Toller 161 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 32 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old English | |
| lexeme | cniht | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant, (young) soldier | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Bosworth, Toller 162-163 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 33 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Old English | |
| language 2 | German | |
| lexeme 1 | cniht | |
| lexeme 2 | Knecht | |
| meaning 1 | boy, servant | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка с VII по XVII в. М., 1998 | |
| comment | Old Engl. cniht ‘boy, servant, (young) soldier’ >Mod. Engl. knight | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 34 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | băiat | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | valet | băiat de casă valet, "boy" |
| reference | DEX98 | |
| comment | DRRS 1, 211, DEX98 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 35 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme | kumārá | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | a groom | |
| reference | MW | |
| comment | MW 292 | |
| NEW Realization 36 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Serbian | |
| lexeme | момак (momak) | |
| meaning 1 | guy, boy | Znam gomilu momaka od 14 - 15 godina (ima ih i na ovom forumu) koji bez problema mogu da drže predavanja nekim profesorima sa fakulteta o korišćenju Windows-a. I know a bunch of 14-15 year old guys (there are some on this forum as well) who can easily lecture some college professors on using Windows. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | servant, assistant, home helper | Božidara Jovića u Kikindi zovu momak za sve. Donosi cigarete i čvarke na adresu, odlazi po lekove i nalaze, čisti oluke, prekopava bašte... I sve to legalno. In Kikinda, they call Božidar Jović the assistant for everything. He brings cigarettes and crackers to the address, goes to get medicines and reports, cleans gutters, digs up gardens... And all this legally. |
| reference | CLARIN.SI Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 727 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 37 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Spanish | |
| lexeme | muchacho | |
| meaning 1 | boy, youth | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Narumov 1995: 518 | |
| NEW Realization 38 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Spanish | |
| lexeme | chico | |
| meaning 1 | boy, kid | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | boy who performs menial jobs in offices, shops and other establishments | |
| reference | DRAE | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 39 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Spanish | |
| lexeme | mozo | |
| meaning 1 | boy, lad, young man, youth | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | servant, helper, steward, manservant; (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru) waiter, server | |
| reference | DRAE | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 40 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tatar | |
| lexeme | малай | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dated) apprentice; servant | |
| reference | Asylgaraev, Ganiev et al. (eds.) 2007: 2, 15 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 41 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Tigrinya | |
| language 2 | Geez | |
| lexeme 1 | ḳolʕa | |
| lexeme 2 | ḳʷəlʕe | |
| meaning 1 | child, kid, infant | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant, domestic | |
| reference | TED: 900 LLA: 414 CDG: 426 | |
| comment | CDG 426 reports for Geez the meaning A as well, but this meaning is not given in LLA. | |
| NEW Realization 42 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme | gulâm | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | slave | |
| reference | Baskakov 1977: 360 | |
| comment | From Arabic ġulām غلام in both meanings. https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/gulam | |
| NEW Realization 43 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme | oğlan | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | Baskakov 1977: 684 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 44 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ugaritic | |
| lexeme | nʕr | |
| meaning 1 | boy | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | servant | |
| reference | DUL: 616 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 45 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Ukrainian | |
| language 2 | Polish | |
| lexeme 1 | parubok | |
| lexeme 2 | parobek | |
| meaning 1 | young man, youth | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | labourer | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Also Czech parobek 'slave', vern. 'guy' | |
boy → servant boy → servant